
Class JiJ_jL5_ 

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CQRrRIGHT DEPOSITS 



My BeloA)ecl 
Country 




ISABELLA REMSHART REDDING 



SAVANNAH. GA. 

BRAID a HUTTON. INC. 

PRINTERS AND STATIONERS 

1 9 1 a 



COPYRIGHT, 1918 

BY 

Isabella Remshart Redding 



m d3 iS19 
©C1.A511373 



TO THE DEAR MEMORY OF 

DR. JOSEPH HENRY RE.DDING 

1848-1914 



INDEX OF SCRAP BOOK 



Introduction 5-6 

How Can This War Be Justified 7-10 

Germany 11-13 

Our Country 14-15 

Our President 16-19 

Jerusalem 19-20 

Couer de Lion 21 

Our Men____ 22 

The Road to France 23 

The Republic of Texas 24-28 

A Tribute to Joanna Troutman 29-31 

Our Constitution 32-34 

Causes that Lead to War Between the States 34-36 

The Crisis 37-38 

The Letter of Abraham Lincoln 39 

The Presidential Election ____39-41 

The Confederate States 42-45 

Lee's Farewell Address 46 

The Knot of Blue and Gray 47 

Robert E. Lee, By L. Q. C. Lamar 48-50 

Poem by Philips Standhope Wormsley 50 

Savannah 51-52 

Joel Chandler Harris 52-56 

The Concord School 56-60 



INDEX OF COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY DAYS 



The Voyage of Columbus 63-66 

The Discovery of the Coutinent __66-68 

De Soto's Arrival in Georgia 68-73 

John Kibault's Visit to Georgia 73-74 

South Georgia 75-78 

Sir Walter Raleigh's Expedition 79-81 

Victis 82 

The Division of Virginia 83-87 

The Carolinas and the Grand Model 87-90 

The Pilgrim Fathers and the Puritans 90-93 

Nova Scotia and the Aeadians 94-97 

James Oglethorpe's Colony 97-101 

Tomochichi and the Yamacraws 102-107 

The Margravate of Azilia and Bloody Marsh 108-113 

Spain and France Seek the Conquest of England 

in America 114-119 

The Struggle for Liberty Under the Crown 120-124 

What the Colonies Learned in the Seven Years War_ -124-128 

The Two Declarations of Independence 128-131 

The Revolutionary War 131-132 

A Georgia Day Program 133-135 

Dixie 136 



SCRAP BOOK 



INTRODUCTION 




HIS collection of historic studies is published 
to fulfil a promise made to our Georgia 
Daughters American Revolution at Ma- 
rietta, April, 1912. While chairman of 
the Historic Program Committee for four 
years, the papers on Colonial and Revolu- 
tionary history were written. "Man proposes and God dis- 
poses," and the fulfillment of the promise has been delayed. 

The desire to make a scrap book for our army Y. M. C. A. 
and include it with the studies prepared for the patriotic 
societies, prompted the addition of those on this era of our 
world's history. 

A few stray articles on historic subjects, written for 
the literarj^ department of our club, The Georgians, hare 
been added. 

Many of these facts have been gathered from "Rid- 
path's History of the United States," Woodrow Wilson's 
"History of the American People," Alexander Stephens' 
"History of the United States," "Histories of Germany," C. 
C. Jones' "History of Georgia," White's "Historical Col- 
lection of Georgia,'' White's "Statistics of Georgia," 
"United States and Foreign Powers," Curtis; "The Story 
of the Constitution," Thorpe; "Initial Studies American 
Letters," Beers. 

The record of the War Between the States has been 
burned into the brain from hearing it discussed by men who 
made the history of that era, while every fact recorded can 
be verified in history. 



If these papers give a clearer understanding of that era 
and the collection is of use in Chapter work, the writer will 
be richly rewarded. 

Unless history records what is true, it has no permanent 
value ; let us hand down to our children the truth, that the 
achievements of our countrymen, both their mistakes and 
their victories, may stand like sentinels to guide, to warn, to 
teach them to spurn what is unrighteous, and to cherish 
what is best in their glorious heritage, our beloved country. 



How Can This War Be Justified 

If we could obliterate from memory all that has happened 
since July 29, 1914, and feel the dawn of that day when this 
world was in a state of comparative peace ; when the reality 
returned we would understand with the poet, that: 

"A sorrow's crown of sorrow, 
Is remembering happier things." 

Except the three factions in Mexico who were then at 
war with each other, the people of all nations fell asleep that 
night in a world at rest; but ere the dawn of another day 
the doors of the temple of Janus sprung open, the god of 
war stepped forth, and from that moment this earth has 
trembled beneath his tread. 

The United States has rejoiced and prospered for one 
hundred and forty years, but this prosperity was won for 
us, and independence secured by the sacrifice and blood of 
the men who fought in the War of the Revolution. Most of 
the men who were in that war were deeply grieved to take 
up arms against England, their mother country; their lan- 
guage and religion were the same and the ties of relationship 
were close and dear. 

But the rulers of England were unjust; they tried to 
force our ancestors to pay for their wars in foreign lands; 
to support large armies in America, when they, the colo- 
nists themselves, had made the conquest of the French, 
Spanish and the Indians, and were already heavily taxed 
for all imports from other countries. They refused to let our 
people send ships made in America to trade with other 
countries. 



8 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

Our ancestors had braved the dangers of the voyage 
across the great ocean in frail little vessels ; they found a 
desolate wilderness in America, full of wild beasts and sav- 
ages ; these they overcame and felt after one hundred and 
fifty years that by right of conquest and possession they 
should not be made to pay a tax that wouldi bankrupt them. 

July 4th, 1776, they declared the thirteen colonies free 
and independent States. Then the war began which lasted 
seven years. Our people were almost reduced to starvation ; 
our army was half clad and without shoes. At that time 
the people used coffee and tea pots and other household 
utensils made of pewter ; these they melted to make shot for 
their guns. They were almost ready to give up the contest 
when France sent ships laden with food, clothing, men and 
firearms to help them fight for their independence. One hun- 
dred and forty years have passed since then and our country 
has grown rich and great. 

God has blessed our people with wisdom and they have 
founded a great republic. Our government has been almost 
too lenient, we realize now, by allowing all classes to come 
and enjoy this freedom, the unworthy have taken advantage 
of it, and enemies and spies are among us, doing works of 
destruction for Germany. 

All the world knew that country had turned its State 
of Prussia into a military camp, and when a male child was 
born in Germany it was at once enlisted in some regiment 
and trained for a soldier; but other nations believed it was 
to defend and protect their fatherland, not dreaming it was 
possible in this civilized age that any nation would under- 
take to conquer the Avhole world. For that reason England 
and France were not prepared for the awful conflict. 

Many things, that little attention Avas paid to before this 
war, we now see was of great moment. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 9 

Several years ago the German Emperor had printed in a 

pamphlet these words: 

"From childhood I have been under the influence of five 
men, Alexander The Great, Julius Caesar, Theodoric Second, 
Frederick The Great and Napoleon. Each of these men 
dreamed a dream of world empire. THEY FAILED. I am 
dreaming a dream of the GERMAN WORLD EMPIRE AND 
MY MAILED FIST SHALL SUCCEED. 

"WILHELM." 

In order to accomplish this he has turned all the great 
achievements of science into methods of destruction, and is 
doing as much to destroy the world with these as he is doing 
with his armies. 

Utterly regardless of the rights of little Belgium, with 
whom he had no quarrel, he laid it waste to move his 
armies through, in order to reach France and England. 

Mr. Morgentheau, our ambassador, who has returned 
from Turkey, learned from Austrian officials that Germany'-; 
plan was to conquer first France and England, then cross 
the ocean and destroy America's great coast cities, demand- 
ing from the United States an indemnity of one hundred bil 
lion dollars with which they expected to conquer the rest of 
Ihe world. Early in 1917 secret service men discovered near 
the boundaries of Texas and Mexico the baggage of some 
German spies. In these were papers revealing a plot of the 
German government to induce Mexico to take sides with 
them, invade the United States and gave a promise to aid 
these semi-barbarians in taking from the United States, 
Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and annexing these States to 
Mexico. These papers also revealed the fact that Count Von 
Bernstoft', the German ambassador, residing in Washington, 
and accepting the hospitality of the White House, was the 
medium through which this plot was being carried out, that 
through him the destruction of munition plants in the United 
States and vast supplies of food ready to be shipped abroad 
had already been accomplished. A number of ships of other 
nations, carrying Americans at different times during this 
war, had been sent to the bottom of the ocean. Our President 



10 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

liad demanded reparation, and the wily Emperor had made 
numberless excuses and apologies, claiming that these were the 
ships of enemies and Americans should not have embarked 
in them. Early in 1917, while these plots of Von Bernstorff 
were made known to our government, the Emperor of Ger- 
many declared his intentions to destroy with submarine 
warfare the ships of all neutral nations, and declared a war 
zone of immense extent around the European countries at 
war. 

The high seas are the common property of all nations; 
only pirates deny this right. Millions of people subsist by 
a seafaring life, the products of the water are food for all 
numkind, and traffic over them gives employment to great 
numbers. 

Every effort was made by our great President to keep 
out of the conflict with other nations, but when the knowl- 
edge that Germany had already begun w^arfare w-ith the 
United States, that spies from that country were in our 
midst plotting and planning the destruction of our great re- 
public, and the Kaiser declared to the world that he would 
sink our ships and did sink them, there was no recourse ; war 
was forced upon the United States. Every man will defend 
his home if it is attacked by assassins; as appalling as this 
Avar is, our men will ansiver the clarion that calls them into 
the greatest conflict ever known. 

Side by side with the men of the Republic of France, 
W'hose ancestors aided our country to achieve its independ- 
ence, and wdth England, w-ho gave Magna Charter to man- 
kind, which is our common heritage and justified the sepa- 
ration of the colonies, we are united with tw^enty nations 
against the foe who has brought the "Abomination of Deso- 
lation" over this earth. 

Great are the heroes w^ho will by sacrifice and blood save 
the people of the world from future wars, win the victory, 
make our planet a safe abode for man, and prepare a high- 
way for the triumphal march of Plim for whom this world 
w^as made. 



Germany 

If true Christians in England and America had given as 
much thought to the religion of Germany for twenty years 
previous to this war as they have since 1914 it is doubtful 
if so many Englishmen and men from the States would have 
been sent to the universities of that country. The great work 
of Martin Luther, in giving the open Bible to the world four 
hundred years ago, has left the impression on many minds, 
as it did upon the writer, that Germany was largely Luth- 
eran, that the truths the Great Reformer taught of "salva- 
tion for all men through the atonement of Christ ' ' and ' ' jus- 
tification by faith" permeated the minds of the masses. 

In 1914 the awful revelation began to dawn upon the 
world that these people believed they were supreme, that 
they had the right and power to rule the world and have 
been for fifty years preparing for the destruction and sub- 
jugation of all other races. Then arose the question, "Where 
are the followers of Luther ? Where are the children of God 
in Germany who in other days rejoiced in the teachings and 
promises of the Bible?" 

As in Apostolic days the faithful followers of Christ were 
hidden in caves or martyred for their faith, so doubtless 
today the bleeding heart of Germany suffers in silence. 

To understand how it was possible for the Emperor and 
the class in power to impress the masses of the people with 
the belief that it was their duty and destiny to have domin- 
ion over the world, that they would be rewarded with great 
wealth and prominent positions in governing the conquered 
nations and make them willing to do the work of the devil 
to accomplish it, we must look deep into their history the 
past century. 



12 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

When people of intellect yield up their consciences to 
the powers of evil we must learn how their souls have be- 
come hardened. 

From the "History of Germany/' published in 1896 by 
S. Baring-Gould, M. A., and "Wilfred C. Lay, Ph. D., we give 
the following extracts : 

Page 301: "On July 8th, 1871, the Ministry of the Catholic 
religion in the Kingdom of Prussia was suppressed, and one 
ministry of religion was constituted for Catholics and 
Protestants." 

348. "By Prussian Charter-enacting in 1850, the Estab- 
lished Church has been independent of the State, but not of 
the King; that is, it is given Synods and a Constitution, and 
the Sovereign sits as King over the secular State, and as Pope 
over the Ecclesiastical State, absolute and infallible." 

352. "There is now philosophy in Germany, not religion. 
And the man who pretends to regard Christianity as anything 
more than a form of misbelief is regarded as a sinner against 
culture. 

353. "The majority of educated men in Germany are 
estranged from the dogmatic teaching of the Christian creed, 
estranged from it to the extent of disbelieving the sincerity 
of many of the clergy. Only a small fraction of the nation 
attends divine service; of the educated, those met with in 
church on a Sunday are few and far between." 

354. "The United Evangelical Church of Germany has, as 
I have already pointed out, this peculiar and exceptional 
feature. It is creedless. No member in it is bound to any 
particular belief in God or Christ. No member knows what to 
believe, and nobody cares." 

356. "The Evangelical Church reposes as the King pro- 
claimed, on nothing save the Scriptures. And it is precisely 
these Scriptures which have been everywhere undermined 
and blown up with dynamite." 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 13 

364. "The situation is most curious. The Church is based 
on no forms of faith whatever, but only on Scripture, and 
It is precisely Scripture which the pastors of that Church are 
busily engaged every Sunday in exhibiting to the people to 
be a tissue of fable." 

372. "If the Evangelical Church were a moral power, 
we might forgive it for being without a belief; but this it is 
not. It exercises but little, if any, moral influence over con- 
sciences, which are moulded by the social custom and law, 
and not by ethical instruction given by the Church. 

"The Church was a centralizing measure. The object was 
to make the Church, like the post ofiice, telegraphs and army, 
a department of the state, ruled by a special minister of 
public worship as vicar general under the sovereign." 

It lias been said that all that is great in the world is man, 
and all that is great in man is his soul ; if, then, the light has 
been withdrawn from these people, the light of the trans- 
forming power of Christ, we see the result in the character 
of the men and women who have brought destruction and 
desolation upon the earth. 



Our Country 



Because we love our country every phase of its historic 
life is interesting-. The brave men who first made settle- 
ments in North America measured up to heroic stature in 
that day and time. 

Those who risked all that life holds dear to be independ- 
ent of Kings and establish a Democracy in the new w'orld 
have been a beacon light to cheer the hearts of suffering 
humanity in every land. 

Southerners who pledged their lives, their fortunes and 
their sacred honor for the constitutional right to preserve 
local self-government, and when defeated at arms by over- 
whelming numbers, won a great victory in bringing order 
and prosperity for two races out of bankruptcy and political 
chaos in the South, will be extolled for that gigantic task 
and vindicated for the purity of their purpose. 

The men of the federal army wdio loved their country and 
fought to preserve the Union of the States, go dow^i to his- 
tory honored for the triumph of that cause. 

But a new era dawned for humanity when at Manila Bay 
the United States proclaimed to the w^orld that they stood 
ready to defend Cuba from disease, greed and persecution. 
European nations could not understand the unselfish pur- 
pose of our people when the survivors of the Confederate and 
Federal armies and their sons w^ent forth together to fight 
for the restoration of the pearl of the Antilles to its own 
people. 

It seems now as if in that struggle with Spain our Lord 
was preparing us for a greater and higher destiny, and 
awakening the peoples who are now allies to a broader vision. 

Suddenly it has been revealed to us that the great mission 
of this age is to emancipate the world from the rule of 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 15 

despots; to teach that one man, the autocrat, can never, 
after this war, have absolute power over a nation, but that 
governments must be given into the hands of the "demos'" 
— the people — whence comes the word Democracy, "A form 
of government in which the supreme power is vested in the 
people collectively or by officers appointed by them." As 
our President expresses it, ' ' To destroy autocracy and make 
the world safe for democracy." 

Words can not express the magnitude of the undertak- 
ing ; the freedom of the world is in the balance, but we knov.' 
that God is a righteous God and evil can not triumph. 

In this momentous era He has raised up for the head of 
our nation a man acknowledged by all the world to be the 
greatest living statesman. He has enriched the United 
States to such an extent that the starving millions of the 
world look to us for bread, and out of the storehouse of our 
abundant wealth aid is given to twenty allied nations to 
fight the foe whose atrocities exceed those of all the vandals 
who have lived since history has been recorded. With a 
living trust in the God who has unfolded the miracle of the 
mission of the United States in the world, we await the 
triumph of our cause, believing that the "righteousness that 
exalteth a nation" will be ours when our men who have 
passed through the fiery ordeal, purified by trial, will make 
Democracy safe for mankind. 

Thousands of good and gifted men in our land are giving 
their services without money and without price. Our nation 
is alive to the greatest conflict in the world's history, and 
has entered into service for suffering humanity in every 
land and a harvest of blessings for the world awaits the 
sacrifice. 



Our President 

The Bible tells us "where there is no vision the people 
perish;" that the vision of a world freed from the rule of 
tyrants has been revealed to our President no sane person 
could doubt, and that in the providence of God Woodrow 
"Wilson has been called to fill the highest office in the gift of 
our people to lead this great republic to fulfil its destiny 
in the world. 

By education, both of books and men, he has been pre- 
pared for the task; his fine sense of justice and sympathy 
for his fellow man has brought him close to the hearts of 
the people. Early in his first administration he pleaded with 
congress to build ships — a merchant marine for times of 
peace that could be turned into army transports in time of 
war. The need of ships the politicians could not see, and 
the measure was not supported. 

He realized as soon as he became President that our de- 
fective banking laws placed the people at the mercy of Wall 
Street speculations ; the immense crops of our country could 
not be moved without their aid, and greed being the sole 
object of the speculators the country was some times thrown 
into panics, business brought to a standstill and commercial 
depression reigned throughout the land, while the Wall 
Street manipulators piled up colossal fortunes, 

Mr. Wilson, with his gifted Secretary of the Treasury, 
Mr. McAdoo, w^orked out the Federal Reserve Banking Sys- 
tem that lifted our money power out of the hands of the 
speculators and saved the country from financial ruin. 

In 1916 our army was not large enough to spare men 
from its fortifications to protect the Mexican border, and 
the navy was of little strength compared to the navies of 
European countries. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 17 

Without material ready for great munition plants, and 
few ships, it was a grave undertaking to meet the emer- 
gency for national defense on our border, but our Presi- 
dent 's work and diplomacy, and his human sympathy for the 
semi-barbarians of Mexico enabled the army to protect the 
boundaries of our country. Co-operating with his Secre- 
taries of War and the Navy, Mr. Baker and Mr. Daniels, and 
using the material at their command, much was accom- 
plished during his first administration. 

His earnest plea for ships was unheeded until war with 
Germany became inevitable and the United States awakened 
to the fact that this country must become a great maritime 
power. 

Never in any age has such a stupendous task been accom- 
plished as in the United States since war was declared April 
6, 1917. 

If one could have closed their e3-es in sleep in the United 
States in May, 1917, and awakened the following December 
the change would have seemed as wonderful as that wrought 
by Aladin's Lamp. 

When, in addition to our volunteer army, it was decided 
to have the selective draft system, 10,000,000 of men between 
the ages of twenty-one and thirty-one responded to the call 
in thirty days. 

In three months an army of 30,000 American soldiers 
under General Pershing were safely landed in England and 
France, and doubtless there are now on the other side of 
the Atlantic several hundreds of thousands, provided with 
hospitals, Y. M. C. A., Red Cross supplies, airships and hun- 
dreds of U-boat destroyers. 

Forty cantonments with 40,000 in each, where over a 
million men were trained for the army in an intensive sys- 
tem ; great numbers of aviation camps in several states where 



18 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

men are being trained to fly by American and French ex- 
perts. Munition plants and manufactories running day and 
night to supply a thousand things necessary to equip an 
army. 

Over one hundred new ship yards have been built, the 
work on them going on by day and night. A large number 
of interned German ships were seized. Many secured from 
neutral nations, and over one thousand are now being hur- 
ried to completion, besides large numbers of U-boat destroy- 
ers and airships already in service. 

Words can not express the magnitude of the work accom- 
plished. It would be impossible for some mistakes not to 
have been made, for some incompetent officials not to have 
blundered in such a superhuman task. 

In the summer of 1916 there arose in our country a con- 
flict between the railroad men and their employees. A com- 
mercial war was threatened that would have bankrupted 
thousands and thrown millions out of employment. 

Mr. Wilson's sense of justice for both sides of the con- 
troversy provided a way for the settlement of the difficult^' 
and inspired a sense of loyalty to our country on the part 
of labor agitators hitherto unknown. 

To call such a large number of men from the peaceful 
avocations of life and to give them training necessarj^ to 
make soldiers could not have been accomplished but for the 
willing acceptance of duty on the part of our men to serve 
their country, and confidence inspired by a strong leader. 

Patriots recognize the President's ability in the choice of 
his cabinet and his willingness to co-operate with all men of 
great achievement in the work of the world. 

In the marvelous preparation of our men in the army, the 
care for their education, health, morals and spiritual well 
being, we see the master mind of the man who in a great 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 19 

institution for men before he entered public life gave his 
mind and heart to the study of their welfare and the develop- 
ment of the jEiner qualities of manhood. 

His fraternal interest in our South American republics, 
opening their vision to the principles upon which republics 
are founded, will enable the Western Hemisphere to stand 
together in a brotherhood of nations that will uplift hu- 
manity. 

Every public utterance through his mouth or pen is lis- 
tened to with grave respect, here and throughout the world. 

It would be impossible for any man to measure up to such 
a standard, except his trust was in Divine guidance. 

Throughout the land prayers are offered daily in our 
churches for him, and prayer leagues carry to the throne of 
God supplications for his protection and that the Spirit will 
guide him. This is doubtless the secret of his strength. Jan- 
uary, 1918. 



Jerusalem 



The Bible prophecies that have been fulfilled are well 
known by all Christian nations ; those that are unfulfilled it 
IS impossible to understand, but we know that we are ap- 
proaching the realization of the promise made by God to 
Abraham, that Palestine should be restored to Israel. 

Eight unsuccessful crusades have been waged through 
the centuries to wrest Jerusalem from the control of the Mos- 
lems, but the Jews are aliens in every land and have no 
national life. 

England has been over two years making the ninth cru- 
sade and has promised that Palestine shall once more become 
a Hebrew commonwealth. 



20 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

December 10, 1917, General Allenbj^'s victorious army 
entered Jerusalem. December 22nd he sent this message to 
General Pershing, commanding the American forces in 
France and England : 

BETHLEHEM SENDS TO PERSHING'S SOLDIERS A 
CHRISTMAS HOPE 

"To hundreds of millions of people the celebration of this 
Christmas will take added solemnity and joy from the fact that 
a Christian garrison is guarding the birthplace of Jesus Christ. 
That the British soldiers thus privileged have thought deeply 
upon the meaning of their duty and what is to come from the 
great struggle that has taken them to this holy place is 
shown by the remarkable despatch, printed below, in which 
they send their greetings to Pershing's men, and, through 
them, to all Americans." — Copyright, 1917, by The Press Pub- 
lishing Co. (The N. Y. World). 

"London, Dec. 22. — Gen. Allenby, Commander in Chief of 
the British forces in Palestine, has sent the following striking 
historic Christmas greeting to Gen. Pershing: 

" 'The British troops in Bethlehem on Christmas Eve 
send to their American comrades a message of greeting 
and of hope that through the achievement of their common 
purpose the law of force may yield to the force of law and 
peace and good will reign at length on earth.' " 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 21 



COEUR DE LION 

"We hope, by God's grace, to receive the Holy City of 
Jerusalem." — Richard Coeur de Lion, A. D. 1191. 

Wake from thy slumbering, Heart of the Lion 
Rise from the dream of it, centuries old. 

Look ye from Ascalon eastward to Zion, 

Where in the dawning our banners unfold 

Over the domes of the infidel enemy 

Blows the Red Cross of the Crusaders' might; 

Over the Sepulchre, over Gethsemane, 

Ay, over Calvary, glowing with light! 

Godfrey de Bouillon speeds with the tidings. 

Stirred, too, from dreams in yon Holiest Crypt, 

High in his stirrups, the dust of his stridings 
Staining the Crescent from Saladin stripped! 

Nay, royal sire! — no mirage of hope dying, 

Fruit of the Dead Sea or figment of sleep! — 

Saladin's slain and his Saracens flying! 

God and St. George o'er Jerusalem sweep! 

— Stephen Chalmers in the N. Y. Times. 



23 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 



GOD SAVE-KEEP-HOLD OUR MEN 

(Author's name unknown.) 

God SAVE our splendid men, 
Send them safe home again, 

God SAVE our men. 
Make them victorious 
Patient and chivalrous, 
They are so dear to us, 

God SAVE our men. 

God KEEP our own dear men, 
From every stain of sin, 

God KEEP our men. 
When Satan would allure, 
When tempted KEEP them pure. 
Be their protection sure — 

God KEEP our men. 

God HOLD our precious men, 
And love them to the end, 

God HOLD our men. 
Held in Thine arms so strong 
To Thee they all belong. 
Held safe from every wrong; 

God HOLD our men. 

— Exchange. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 23 

THE ROAD TO FRANCE 

Thank God our liberating lance 
Goes flaming on the way to France! 
To France — the trail the Burkhas found! 
To France — old England's rallying ground! 
To France — the path the Russians strode! 
To France — the Anzacs' glory road! 
To France — where our Lost Legion ran 
To fight and die for God and man! 
To France — with every race and breed 
That hates Oppression's brutal creed! 

Ah, France — how could our hearts forget 
The path by which came Lafayette? 
How could the haze of doubt hang low 
Upon the road of Rochambeau? 
How was it that we missed the way 
Brave Joffre leads us along today? 
At last, thank God! At last we see 
There is no tribal Liberty! 
No beacon lighting just our shores! 
No Freedom guarding but our doors! 
The flame she kindled for our sires 
Burns now in Europe's battle fires! 
The soul that led our fathers west 
Turns back to free the world's oppressed! 

Allies, you have not called in vain! 

We share your conflict and your pain! 

"Old Glory," through new stains and rents, 

Partakes of Freedom's sacraments 

Into that hell his will creates 

We drive the foe; his lusts, his hates! 

Last come, we will be last to stay — 

Till Right has had her crowning day! 

Replenish, comrades, from our veins, 

The blood the sword of despot drains, 

And makes our eager sacrifice 

Part of the freely rendered price 

You pay to lift humanity— 

You pay to make your brothers free! 

See, with what proud hearts we advance — 

To France! — Daniel M. Henderson. 

This poem won the $250 prize offered this past May by the 
National Arts Club. 



The Republic of Texas 

The first missions built by the monks of Spain in that 
part of old Mexico, now Texas, began at San Antonio, 1692. 
This was called the Alamo ; four miles away, near the same 
beautiful river, a second mission was built, and four miles 
beyond a third, and still another the same distance apart. 
These four monasteries with all the splendor of their formg 
and ceremonies decked with gold and precious stones of 
Mexico kept in touch with each other, as the music of their 
chimes of bells rang out on the still air, and priests from 
Spain gathered about them their converts, the Aztecs and 
Indians of Mexico, whom they taught agriculture and re- 
ligion. It was my delightful privilege several years ago, in 
company with the dearest man in the world, to visit three 
of these missions. The Alamo, built in what the monks called 
' ' a new paradise, as beautiful as the garden of God, ' ' is now 
in the heart of San Antonio, save St. Augustine, the oldest 
city in North America. It has been repaired just enough to 
keep the outer structure strong, and is owned by the gov- 
ernment, as are the others we visited. Two are partially in 
ruins, but the authorities have allowed the Roman Catholics 
to restore the chapels and use them. Connected with these 
chapels are the ruins of other buildings, and in good order 
are the ovens where the monks baked their bread and 
roasted the game that abounded in these forests. All the 
work on these i-tructures was done under the superintendence 
of the priests, b.y the hands of the Aztecs and Indians; also 
the long underground passages connecting the missions. The 
control over the souls and bodies of these barbarians gave 
the priests opportunity to use them in treachery against 
the Americans. You have heard of the struggle of the Mex- 
icans under Santa Anna to throw off the yoke of Spain, and 
but for the aid of Americans they could not have succeeded. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 25 

lie and his aides knew this, and gave the Americans treaty 
rights b}^ which they were privileged to own land, to hunt 
and trap the beasts of the forest. After the war of 1812 the 
spirit of adventure in the hearts of the men of the United 
States induced many to visit this new country, and when 
treaty rights were secured from Santa Anna in 1824 many 
^sought homes here, taking with them love for freedom and 
religious liberty. Here and there arose a school house, a 
house or arbor for worship of the true God, where, accord- 
ing to the dictates of conscience, prayer and praise was 
offered to One too great to be confined within the walls of 
monasteries. 

Santa Anna had thrown off the yoke of Spain, but not 
of the Church of Rome. Now began the priests to declare 
that these Americans would soon subdue his rule as they had 
done that of England, and bands of savages were sent to 
break up the camps of the Americans, to scalp and torture 
them. Santa Anna then, throwing aside the office of Presi- 
dent of the Republic of Mexico, virtually became dictator 
by sending orders to all Americans to lay down their arms. 

To have obeyed this proclamation would have abro- 
gated the treaty they had made with him, have forfeited 
self-protection from wild beasts and Indians, and cut off 
their means of subsistence. These rights they had won in 
his service, and they did not agree to relinquish them. Among 
the Americans were brave men and great leaders, Houston, 
the Austins, Travis, Fannin, Crockett, Bouie and hundreds of 
others whose names are recorded in the pages of history. 
There are also the names of some Mexicans who had imbibed 
the love for freedom from the Americans and resolved not 
to return to the rule of a dictator. When the 10,000 Ameri- 
cans who had settled in Texas under a solemn guarantee of 
the constitution of 1824 heard this proclamation from Santa 
Anna they knew it meant a military despotism and replied 
to it by posting on the walls of the Alamo this notice : 

' ' To Santa Anna : If you want our arms, take them. ' ' 



26 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

From Georgia, Kentucky, Alabama, all down the Miss- 
isssippi, the answer came to the settlers : 

"Stand by your rifles and we will come and help you.'' 

But before they could reach this troubled land one hvin- 
dred and eightj^-four Americans took from the Mexicans the 
Alamo and converted it into a fortress. It had been under 
the command of Gen. Cos, a brother-in-law of Santa Anna ; he 
and his men had been captured and were paroled under 
promise never again to bear arms against the Americans. 
Everywhere the priests urged on the Mexicans to a war o:^ 
extermination. In many of the most elegant homes of San 
Ajitonio there had been intermarriage of Americans with 
the nobility of Mexico. Here came the hardest conflicts of 
the day. "Wherever they could do so the priests removed to 
convents gold, gems, costly vestments and many women and 
children. It was interesting to stand within the Alamo and 
have the soldier in charge explain the siege, how, when 
after ten days Captain Travis saw that they could hold out 
no longer, drew a death line, offering any man within the 
walls the privilege to step over it and make his escape. 
James Bouie, who was ill, requested his cot to be removed 
to the American side of the line. Only one man decided to 
go ; an Irishman named Rose said he was not prepared to 
die, and escaped from an upper window, but was never 
heard of again. 

Thermopolea had her messenger to tell the story of her 
siege; the Alamo had none. Her defenders were all killed 
and the remains conveyed outside the city and burnt. Madam 
Calvelaria, a Mexican nurse, alone lived to tell the story 
of that day. She died at the age of 92. 

The defenders believed if they could hold the fortress 
long enough, General Houston and Colonel Fannin, a Geor- 
gian, would unite their forces and defeat Santa Anna before 
he could reach San Antonio. Colonel Fannin, with a force 
of 300 Georgians met the Mexican army of 7,500 men at 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 37 

Goliad March 27th. After a hard day's fighting he learned 
that Santa Anna's army had been reinforced during the 
night and decided to surrender if he could obtain honorable 
terms. He offered to give up their arms if his men would 
be allowed to return to the United States. These terms 
were agreed upon, but as soon as their arms were taken the 
men were massacred. 

Captain Travis had agreed with Houston to fire a signal 
gun each morning at sunrise from the Alamo ; by placing his 
ear to the ground Houston could hear the gun over the 
prairies 100 miles. The morning it ceased Houston declared 
"the names of the defenders of the Alamo would be the morn- 
ing stars of American history." 

The difficulty of gathering the American troops together 
can be understood when we know that the women and chil- 
dren of the settlers had also to be transported with them ; to 
leave them to wild beasts, Indians or be massacred by the 
Spaniards was impossible. 

General Houston was compelled to retreat as far as Saw 
Jacinto. The success of the capture of the Alamo encouraged 
the Mexicans, who pursued him. The two armies met at San 
Jacinto April 21st, 1836. The Texans rushed to the fight 
with the cry, "Kemember Goliad! Remember the Alamo!" 
More than half the Mexican army was killed, wounded and 
captured, Santa Anna taken prisoner and a glorious victory 
won. The independence of the Republic of Texas was de- 
clared and a fiag bearing one large white star on a blue 
field was raised over the Alamo. The Mexicans declared 
they had seen the spirits of the men who had been slain at 
Goliad and the Alamo hovering over the battlefield. On the 
wall of the capitol at Austin is a painting 12x30 feet, rep- 
resenting the capture of the Mexican leader. Many of the 
faces are taken from portraits. General Houston is lying 
on a litter, unable to stand because he had been wounded 
in the ankle; Santa Anna stands with his hands bound, an 
American behind him with a rope, pleading to hang him. 
Sitting near Houston was Deaf Smith, an American hunter. 



28 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

liolding his hand to his ear trying to hear -what Houston 
was saying. He had been of great service to the Americans 
as a scout and guide and the county named Deaf Smith is 
in his honor. 

Sept. 2nd, 1836, Texas adopted a constitution and Gen. 
Houston was elected president of tlie Republic of Texas. Ali 
the same time an almost unanimous vote Avas cast for annexa- 
tion to the United States. As a republic it was recognized by 
France, England and other European countries, but not by 
Mexico. On account of its great resources, its acquisition 
to the United States was important, but so bitter was the 
controversy in congress and so jealous were the Northern 
States that it would enrich the South that it was not admit- 
ted until December 29, 1845, under a Democratic administra- 
tion. Then Mexico took up arms against the United States. 
General Scott, a Virginian, led the Americans to victory, and 
that army was largely composed of Southern men, as the 
records on monuments in Texas will prove. 

ISABELLA REIMSHART REDDING. 



A TRIBUTE TO JOANNA TROUTMAN 

Governor's Office, 

Austin, Texas, February 25, 1913. 

' ' To the Senate and House of Representatives : 

In 1835, when a Georgia battalion had been raised to 
take part in establishing the independence of Texas, Miss 
Joanna Troutman, of Knoxville, Ga., designed a white silk 
Hag, with a blue star of five points in the center on either 
side, on which was inscribed, "Liberty or Death," and pre- 
sented the same to the Georgia battalion. 

Miss Troutman was born at Crawford, Ga., February 19, 
1819, and died at the home of her childhood in August, 1880, 
at the age of seventy-one. She Avas twice married; in 1837 
to Colonel S. L. Pope, a distinguished lawyer and planter, 
and after his demise in 1875, and a few years before her, 
death, she was married the second time to Hon. W. G. Vinson, 
of Fort Valley, Ga., then a member of the Georgia Legisla- 
ture. 

At the time she designed and made the Lone Star Flag 
which was presented to the Georgia battalion, and which 
subsequently floated over the bloody field of Goliad, she was 
eighteen j^ears of age. She was a girl of remarkable grace 
and beauty; by nature noble and refined, and by birth she 
came of a wealthy and distinguished family. Her life was 
a benediction to those arouiid her. Miss Troutman was a 
step-sister of Hon. L. Q. C. Lamar, a native of Georgia, but 



30 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

afterwards a Senator of the United States from Mississippi, 
a member of President Cleveland's cabinet and a Justice of 
the Supreme Court of the United States. 

On the 8th daj^ of January, 1836, the white silk flag with 
a single star was unfurled at Velasco, Avhere it floated until 
the Georgia battalion took up its march to meet enemies of 
liberty and independence. It was" this flag which floated 
from the flagstaff at Goliad when Mexican tyrants massacred 
Colonel Fannin and his men." 

The Massacre at Goliad 

"The severe fate of Colonel Fannin's command is without 
parallel in the history of our State. Composed principally 
of men from the Southern States, their presence in the Texan 
ranks was due not to any promptings of self-interest or for 
the defense of their homes and loved ones, but to that in- 
nate opposition to tyranny and oppression that dwells in the 
breast of every freeman. Soldiers they were and the ex- 
treme rigour of a vengeful enemy did they suffer. Only a 
few escaped with their lives ; yet not a single victory stands 
to their credit. They proved mightier in death than twice 
their number living. 

When the slumbering Mexicans were startled at San 
Jacinto by the defiant cry, "Remember the Alamo ! Remem- 
ber Goliad ! ' ' they claim to have seen not only the advanc- 
ing Texans, but also the spirits of their former victims at 
Bexar and Goliad. 

Ward's Georgia battalion landed at Velasco about De- 
cember 20, 1835. The force numbered 112 men and was 
later ordered to join Fannin's command at Goliad. While 
this force rendezvoused at Columbus, Ga., it was presented 
a handsome lone star flag, the work of Miss Joanna Trout- 
mon, a charming j'oung lady of Knoxville. The design of 
the flag was plain white silk with an azure star of five 
points, and with the inscription "Ubi liberatas habitat, ibi 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 31 

nostra patria est" on one side and "Liberty or death" on 
the other. Texas not having officially adopted a flag when 
the Georgians arrived, their flag became the flag of Fan- 
nin's command. 

The halo of martyrdom that snrrounds the memory of 
these brave men has enveloped their flag and its designer, 
Miss Troutman. She has been called the "Betsy Ross" of 
Texas. But unlike her prototype of American history, whose 
home has been purchased and is being cared for as the 
American Flag House by the Betsy Ross Memorial Associa- 
tion, Miss Troutman has no monument. A few pieces fron' 
Santa Anna 's silver service, taken at San Jacinto, were sent 
her as trophies of a victory of the cause in which she had 
enlisted. The War Between the States left her family in 
impoverished circumstances, and when she died her remains 
were laid to rest in an unmarked grave. 

During the month of February of the present year the 
remains of Miss Troutman were transferred from her late 
Georgia home to the State cemetery of Texas, and her grave 
IS now marked with an appropriate monument." 



Our Constitution 

1. When and where was the definite treaty of peace 
signed making the colonies free and independent? 

1. At Paris, Sept. 3rd, 1783, by representatives of Eng- 
land, France and the United States. 

2. Did the people of the American colonies, -at the time 
of the separation from England, have any knowledge of the 
science of government ? 

2. In each colony from its origin the people were well 
versed in the principles of government. 

3. The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas 
Jefferson, was accepted in 1776. What was the next great 
work undertaken? 

3. The Articles of Confederation. 

4. What were these? 

4. These articles, confirmed in 1776, were a compact be- 
tween the States styled the United States of America, in 
which each State retained its sovereignty, freedom and in- 
dependence. 

5. How were they united? 

5. By a firm league of friendship with each other for 
their common defense and general welfare. 

6. Wherein did they fail in strength to form a stable 
government ? 

6. Inability to levy taxes, raise revenue or regulate com- 
merce. 

7. What was done in 1787 ? 

7. Virginia, the leading State of the Union, proposed a 
call for a constitutional convention. James Madison was 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 



33 



the author of that resolution and largel}^ instrumental in its 
work. For that reason he is called the Father of the Con- 
stitution. 

8. Other States followed Virginia in this convention. 
What can be said of the men Avho were chosen by the people 
to frame this constitution? 

8. Their fame is to this day one of the glories of Ameri- 
can history. 

Gladstone said it was the greatest State paper ever 
written, 

9. How many years passed in the making of our gov- 
ernment ? 

9. One hundred and seventy. In 1619 the first Virginia 
house of Burgesses assembled and the first national congress 
met in 1789. 

10. By this constitution, what relation did each State 
hold to the other? 

10. Each State was free, sovereign and independent. 
The object of the new constitution was for the separate 
States to enlarge the power of their congress. 

11. What has been the great work of our statesmen 
smce that constitution was ratified? 

11. Its administration. 

12. What section of our country has been most loyal to 
the constitution? 

12. The South. 

13. Why did the Southern States secede ? 

13. Because they wished to have a government where 
Their rights, reserved by the constitution, would be respected. 

14. Had the right to secede been acknowledged before 
the Southern States seceded? 

14. Yes. Massachusetts and other States had claimed 
that right and threatened to secede. Texas seceded front 
Mexico in 1836. 



34 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

15. Has that right been acknowledged by American 
statesmen since the War Between the States? 

15. Yes. President McKinley forced Cuba to secede 
from Spain, and President Roosevelt induced Panama to 
secede from Colombia. 

16. Whj^ was Jefferson Davis never tried for treason? 

16. Because the Supreme Court Judges said he had not 
violated the constitution and could not be convicted. 

17. Why is it incorrect to say the war of 1861-1865 was 
a rebellion ? 

17. Because the Southern States were free, sovereign 
and independent, united in themselves; at that time they 
had the constitutional right to secede and there was no 
rebellion in these States. 

18. Why is it incorrect to say it was a civil war? 

18. Because a civil war must be between two parties in 
one State. Our country in 1861 was a republic of sovereign, 
independent States, not a nation of one State. 

19. How is it proven that the North and not the South 
violated the constitution? 

19. By the amendments to it passed after the War Be- 
tween the States. 



Causes That Led to the War 
Between the States 

1. Where did slavery exist during the Revolutionary 
War? 

1. In every colony in America and in every country 
in the world. In 1776 there were five hundred thousand 
negroes in the colonies ; three hundred thousand were in the 
Northern colonies. 

2. Did the Southern States encourage the importation 
of slaves? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 35 

2. It was bitterly opposed by Virginia and Georgia, and 
there was feeling against it in every Southern State. 

3. What part of the country prospered most by the 
slave trade? 

3. New England. They were great ship builders and 
would send their ships to the West Indies for rum and trade 
it on the coast of Africa for slaves. 

4. Why did the South eventually become possessed of 
more slaves than the North? 

■i. The manufactories of the North required more intel- 
ligent labor, the agricultural interest of the South, together 
with its climate, was better suited to the negroes, and North' 
erners sold their slaves to Southerners. 

5. What great religious teacher's influence induced 
Georgia to permit slavery? 

5. George Whitefield. He said the negroes were in a far 
better condition in Georgia where he found many converted 
to Christianity than they were in Africa, and if thej' were 
converted in America they would Christianize Africa. In 
1861 there were four hundred and eighty-eight thousand 
Christian negroes in the South. The statistics give Baptist 
220,000, Methodist 200,000, Presbyterian 31,000, Episco- 
palians 7,000, and 30,000 unclassified Christians. 

6. What does this record show? 

6. The wonderful missionary work of Southern slave 
holders. 

7. Did all Southerners believe in slavery? 

7. Many believed in gradual emancipation. Others in 
colonizing them in Africa. Sometimes slaves w^ere freed. 
Gen. Lee freed his before the war. 

8. Were all Southerners slave holders? 

8. Two-thirds of the men in the Confederate army never 
owned a slave. There were 318,000 slave holders, or sons 
of slave holders, in the Northern armies. 



36 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

9. There were only thirty-three States in the Union in 
1860. How did the question of slavery become involved with 
the Territories not yet admitted to the union? 

9. The Supreme Court decided that by the constitution 
Southerners had a right to take slaves to these Territories 
and be protected in their rights. Members of the Republican 
party who had taken their oath under the constitution de- 
clared, in both houses of congress, that they would not ac- 
cept the decision of the Supreme court. 

10. The constitution of the United States required that 
a fugitive slave from any State should be returned to that 
State. Was this law enforced? 

10. "Before the abolition of slavery a system of aiding 
runaway slaves to reach Canada was perfected in various 
parts of the country. From different points on the Canadian 
frontier to the Southern States were secret routes, along 
which, by night, slaves were helped to freedom by persons 
opposed to slavery. The whole movement was unlawful at 
the time and was popularly known as the 'Underground 
Railroad.' A slave reaching British soil instantly became 
free." Thirty thousand negroes had been induced to run 
away. 

11. How had England freed her slaves? 

11. By gradual emancipation. 

12. What section of our country developed most rapidly 
in wealth ? 

12. The South. This was the foundation of the cause 
that led to the War Between the States. 

13. How long were the Hebrews in bondage in Egypt? 

13. Two hundred and fifteen years. 

14. How long were the Africans in bondage in England 
and America? 

14. Two hundred and fifteen years, and when the Ruler 
of the Universe, who marks the sparrow 's fall, saw fit to re- 
lease them it was done. 



The Crisis 

1. What great question beside slavery aroused indigna- 
tion in the South? 

1. "The unequal disbursement of funds in the United 
States treasury. The South paid into the treasury of the 
United States two-thirds of all the money there; yet the 
veterans of the Revolutionary War were paid three times 
the amount in pensions in the North that they were in the 
South; the appropriations for roads and harbors amounted 
to five times as much for the North as the South." 

2. What other injustice was done the South? 

2. "Money expended for internal improvement was 
ten times as much in the North. The seacoast of the South 
was 3,000 miles in extent and that of the North was 900. 
The North had twenty-three lighthouses and the South ten." 

3. What other unjust measures, from time to time, did 
Southern statesmen have to contend with? 

3. The tariff, which discriminated against the South in 
favor of Northern manufactories. 

4. How did fanatics in the North fan the flames of 
hatred against the South? 

■1. By bitter threats against the constitution, saying it 
was a ' ' league with hell and a covenant with the devil. ' ' When 
William Lloyd Garrison was told that the institution of 
slavery was defended by the Bible he exclaimed, "Better 
then destroy the Bible." 

5. What brought about the crisis? 

5. Abraham Lincoln was elected President by the Re- 
publican party and the South felt that with that party in 
power they could not have protection from the government. 



38 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

6. What question was the final cause that led to the 
war ? 

6. The right to secede. 

7. Did Lincoln wish to abolish slavery? 

7. He said that he did not, that all he asked was the 
union of the States, but the South believed his party would 
control him. 

8. Did the South expect the question to be settled by 
war ? 

8. They did not. They expected to withdraw peacefully 
and that the majority of their countrymen would acknowl- 
edge their constitutional right to secede. All they claimed 
was their territory, custom houses and their forts. Kobert 
Toombs of Georgia said he would drink all the blood shed 
in the war. 

9. Was the South prepared for war? 

9. They were utterly unprepared. They had no army, 
navy, no treasury or ships and few manufactories. They 
did not know of the untold wealth lying beneath their soil 
with which they could have manufactured munitions of war. 

10. Were Southerners unanimous in the belief of the 
righteousness of their cause? 

10. More so than any other country has ever been in 
any great controversy. 

11. When did Jefferson Davis resign his seat in the 
United States senate? 

11. When his State, Mississippi, seceded. 

12. In his inaugural address as President of the Confed- 
erate States what did he say? 

12. "The impartial and enlightened verdict of mankind 
will vindicate the rectitude of our conduct, and He who 
knows the hearts of men will judge the sincerity with which 
we have labored to preserve the government of our fathers 
in its spirit." 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 39 

(Copied from "History of United States," Alexander Stephens, 
Page 582.) 

"Springfield, 111., 
"Dec. 22, 1860. 
"Hon. A. H. Stephens: 

"My Dear Sir — Your obliging answer to my short note 
is just received, and for which please accept my thanks. I 
fully appreciate the present peril the country is in, and the 
weight of responsibility on me. Do the people of the South 
really entertain fears that a Republican administration would, 
directly or indirectly, interfere with the slaves, or with them 
about their slaves? If they do, I wish to assure you, as once 
a friend, and still, I hope, not as an enemy, that there is no 
cause for such fears. The South would be in no more danger 
in this respect, than it was in the days of Washington. I 
suppose, however, this does not meet the case. You think 
slavery is right and ought to be extended, while we think 
it is wrong and ought to be restricted. That, I suppose, is the 
rule. It certainly is the only substantial difference between us. 

"Yours very truly, 

"A. LINCOLN." 



The Presidential Election 

1. How many candidates ran for President of the United 
States in 1860, and what political parties did they represent? 

1. Four. The Republican candidates were : For Presi- 
dent, Abraham Lincoln of Illinois ; Vice President, Hannibal 
Hamlin of Maine. 

A disastrous rupture of the Democratic party occurred 
at the nominating convention at Charleston, April, 1860. 

One wing of the Democrats nominated Stephen A. Doug- 
las of Illinois for President; Hershall V. Johnson of Geor- 



40 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

gia for Vice President. Another wing of the same party 
nominated John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky for Presi- 
dent; Joseph Lane of Oregon for Vice President. 

2. Who did the Conservatives, known as the Americar 
Party, nominate ? 

2. John Bell of Tennessee for President; Edward Ev- 
erett of Massachusetts for Vice President. 

3. What was the population of the North and South in 
1860? 

3. Forty million. Thirty-one million were in the Nor- 
thern States and there were, in the eleven States that se- 
ceded, 9,000,000 ; 4,000,000 of these were slaves. 

4. What was the popular vote of these candidates? 

4. Lincoln received 1,857,610, while the aggregate vote 
of the three other candidates was 2,804,560. Mr. Douglas 
carried the electoral vote of one State, but he received 
1,365,976 of the popular vote for President. 

5. What was the electoral vote of the thirty-three states? 

5. Lincoln received 180; Breckenridge, 72; Bell and 
Everett, 39 ; Douglas and Johnson, 12. 

6. How was the South affected by the result of this 
election? 

6. The eighteen States carried by Mr. Lincoln were 
north of the Mason and Dixon line. The election was en- 
tirely sectional. When the result was known the people of 
the Southern States, without regard to past party associa- 
tions, were thrown into the most intense state of excite- 
ment. Conventions were called to take action as to their 
future safety. 

7. What question was more momentous to the South 
than slavery? 

7. The vowed determination of the Republican Party 
to force social and political equality. The South had a 
population of 9,000,000; 4,000,000 were negroes, brought 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 41 

from the jungles of Africa where, although unmolested in 
the possession of that rich territory for ages, they had made 
no achievements. They had never built a boat nor made a 
plow, 

8. How did the majority of Southerners feel in regard 
to the negro at this time ? 

8. They felt that most Southerners had inherited them, 
that the agricultural interests of the South required them to 
till the soil. That the election of a Republican President 
would put an end to the united efforts of true statesmen, 
North and South, to legislate for the settlement of the great 
question on any terms. 

9. What was the result of the conflict? 

9, An army of 2,600,000 was raised in the North, known 
as the Federal Army. They had the world to draw recruits 
from and many thousands of emigrants from other lands 
were paid large bounties to join that army. The South 
raised 600,000 throughout the entire conflict of four years. 

10. How many prisoners were captured? 

10. The Federals captured 270,000 Confederates. The 
Confederates captured 220,000 Federals. 

11. How many Confederates died in Federal prisons? 

11. Twenty-six thousand four hundred and twenty-six. 

12. How many Federals died in Confederate prisons? 

12. Twenty-two thousand five hundred and seventy-six. 

13. What was the cost of the war? 

13. One million men, an enormous public debt, property 
loss $8,000,000, equal to' three-fourths assessed value taxable 
property of all the States when the war began. 



The Confederate States 

1. What State first seceded and when? 

1. South Carolina, Dec. 20, 1860, followed by Florida, 
Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. 

2. Where was the first capital of the Confederacy? 

2. Montgomery, Alabama was chosen for the organiza- 
tion of the provisional government where delegates from 
these seven States formed a confederacy and elected Jeffer- 
son Davis of Mississij^pi President and Alexander Stephens of 
Georgia Vice President. 

3. What other Statesi seceded? 

3. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas. The 
capital was removed to Richmond, Virginia. 

4. What followed that event? 

4. A bloody war of four years between the States. 

5. How can we account for the length of the war under 
existing conditions? 

5. Southerners were nurtured with the love of their 
native State and faith in the constitution of the United 
States. Many of them were educated at West Point and An- 
2iapolis, and had served in the war with Mexico. They were 
line horsemen and marksmen and stood ready for sacrifice 
for the great cause of maintaining local self-government on 
the part of the peoples of the several States. 

6. How many men were in the armies of the South ? 

6. Six hundred thousand from start to finish. The 
strength of the land and the flower of its youth, and when 
they fell in battle there were no recruits from other coun- 
tries to fill their places. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 43 

7. How maiij" were in the Northern armies? 

7. More than two and a half millions, and forty A'ears 
after the war our government was paying pensions to over 
a million men. Many of these were emigrants from Europe, 
induced by large J)ounties to join the Federal army. 

8. What did the slaves in the South do during the war? 

8. Except where they were driven from peaceful homes 
by Northern soldiers, they remained faithful to their owners, 
worked in the fields to suppl.y their masters in the Confed- 
erate armies and their families with bread. 

9. What did the North hope the emancipation procla- 
mation would do? 

9. Cause insurrection in the South and end the war, but 
the negroes were faithful to their best friends and it was 
extremely rare to hear of lawlessness among them. 

10. What brought the war to an end? 

10. The blockade of Southern ports, exhaustion in men 
and provisions. General Sherman marched through Georgia 
and South Carolina with an army of 65,000 men. He drove 
the negroes from their homes and with fire and sword laid 
waste the country, declaring that "not a crow could find its 
rations in a day's journey where his army had marched.'' 
Sheridan laid waste Virginia, burning everything but the 
fences ; these were of stone. He boasted that all he had left 
for the women of Virginia were "eyes to weep." 

11. When Gen. Lee surrendered his army at Appomatox 
May 10, 1865, to Gen. Grant how did the South accept the 
situation ? 

11. With deep grief, but in good faith, knowing that 
our peerless Lee and our armies had done their best to suc- 
ceed. Having failed, they loyally accepted the conditions 
and determined to work for the rehabilitation of our country. 

12. Who ordered Gen. Joseph E. Johnston to surrender 
and when? 

12. Jefferson Davis, April 26th, 1865. This marks the 
close of the war and the end of the Southern Confederacy. 



44 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

13. How can the persecution of the South by the North 
for many years after the war be explained, in as much as 
slavery was abolished? 

13. AVar incites the evil that is in many men and makes 
them feel that might is right. 

Gen. Grant journeyed through the South soon after the 
war and advised the withdrawal of the Federal army, but 
years passed before all the States were relieved of military 
rule, and this subjected the people to many indignities. 

14. What awful calamity befell the nation soon after 
the surrender of the Confederate army? 

14. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln. 

15. Was John Wilkes Booth, his assassin, a Southern 
man ? 

15. He was not, and had never been connected with 
their cause. 

16. As the gradual and marvelous unfolding of the 
destiny of our great republic in 1917 dawned upon us, why 
has the South learned to honor Lincoln? 

16. Because we realize that his prophetic eye saw into 
the future and knew that a great destiny awaited the United 
States of America ; for this reason he sought to preserve the 
Union. 

Both he and Jefferson Davis were sons of the South, born 
in Kentucky. Lincoln sought to preserve the Union, Davis 
to preserve the constitution; future generations will vindi- 
cate both for integrity of purpose. 

17. What did the rule of the Republican party do fo^ 
the Southern States after the war? 

17. Enfranchised the negroes and sought to put them 
in control of the government, bankrupted the States and 
ruined their credit. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 45 

In 1861 Georgia was free from debt ; after six years 
republican rule her debt was $50,000,000. 

18. For what great achievement will history give honor 
to the survivors of the Confederate army? 

18. For the ability with which they managed the diffi- 
cult problem of restoring order in the South, after the chaos 
the political carpet-baggers from the North and the Freed- 
man's Bureau agents had created among the negroes, and 
for their energy, wisdom and courage in the restoration of 
civic and business life. 

19. Why did these defeated armies never lose their 
spirit ? 

19. Because thej^ knew that Washington and Lee fought 
alike for constitutional republican liberty and felt, as Lee 
expressed it, that "Duty was the grandest word in the Eng- 
lish language," and that "it would be strange indeed if 
human courage was not equal to human calamity." 



46 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 



LEE'S FAREWELL TO HIS SOLDIERS 

Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia 

April 10, 1865. 

After four years of arduous service, marlved by unsur- 
passed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia 
has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and 
resources. I need not tell the survivors of so many hard-fought 
battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have 
consented to this result from no distrust of them; but feeling 
that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing that could 
compensate for the loss that would have attended the continua- 
tion of the contest, I have determined to avoid the useless 
sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to 
their countrymen. 

By the terms of agreement, officers and men can return 
to their homes and remain there until exchanged. You will 
take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the con- 
sciousness of duty faithfully performed; and I earnestly pray 
that a merciful God will extend to you His blessing and 
protection. 

With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and 
devotion to your country, and a grateful remembrance of your 
kind and generous consideration of myself, I bid you an 
affectionate farewell. 

R. E. LEE, General. 



There is a true glory and a true honor; the glory of duty 
done, the honor of integrity of principle. — Lee. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 47 



THE KNOT OF BLUE AND GREY 

(Author's name unknown.) 

Upon my bosom lies 

A knot of blue and grey, 
You ask me why; tears fill my eyes 

As low to you I say, — 

I had two brothers once, 

Warm-hearted, bold and gay; 

They left my side — one wore the blue, 
The other wore the grey. 

One rode with Stonewall and his men. 

And joined his fate to Lee; 
The other followed Sherman's march 

Triumphant to the sea. 

Both fought for what they deemed the right. 
And died with sword in hand; 

One sleeps amid Virginia's hills, 
And one in Georgia's sand. 

The same sun shines upon their graves. 
My love unchanged must stay; 

And so upon my bosom lies 
This knot of blue and grey. 



Robert E. Lee 

. (From L. Q. C. Lamar, 1870.) 

There was not in Lee or his cause one single element of 
revolution or rebellion. Conservative in his nature, educa- 
tion and association, unswerving in liis loyalty to the power 
which was paramount to all others, the cause in defense of 
wliich he dre^ his s^\ord was founded upon historic rights, 
constitutional laAV, public morality and the inviolable rights 
of free and sovereign States, many of whose constitutions 
were established and in peaceful operation while that of the 
United States lay unthought of in the far off years of fu- 
turity. It has been said that "General Lee's memory be- 
longs to no particular section, that his fame is to be, not 
that of the Confederate chieftain, but of the great American 
soldier." I must confess that I do not believe that this 
sentiment finds any genuine response in the hearts of our 
people. True the war has closed; and it is high time that 
the evil passions which aroused it should be hushed. Would 
to God that the memories of its outrages and atrocities could 
be banished forever from the minds of men; and if the 
victorious North could afford to the defeated people of 
the South the benefits of the Union and constitution, in 
whose names the desolations of war were visited upon them, 
and permit them to enjoy in the Union, real union, concord, 
amity and security from oppression, the Southern people 
would be prompt to bury all the animosities of the war, to 
remember only its glories and to regard the glories won by 
each people as the common property of the American nation. 
But into this common heritage they will never consent to put 
the name and fame of Robert E. Lee. They will ever feel 
that they cannot and ought not to surrender him to America. 
They can not forget that after the war had closed, after thq 
South had surrendered her arms and submitted to the cou- 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 49 

stitution of the United States upon the Northern interpre- 
tation of it, after slavery had been abolished and secession 
pronounced null and void in every Southern State, after 
the integrity of the Union was established and recognized 
in every county, town house and hovel in the desolate land, 
Robert E. Lee and his people were, to the day of his death, 
branded as rebels and proscribed as traitors to America. By 
far the greatest military genius on the American continent, 
his love for his country obliged him to withdraw from the 
American army and throw himself into the breach of its 
colossal invasion ; one of the most superb gentlemen in Amer- 
ica, he was proscribed from the high employments of Ameri- 
can society and compelled to earn his living in the seclusion 
of a Southern college ; possessed of the highest order or 
statesmanship known to America, he was deprived of the or- 
dinary rights of American citizenship ; and thus his eyes 
closed in death to America. Purity of heart, fervor of re- 
ligion, might of intellect and splendor of genius were ren- 
dered hateful in the sight of those who arrogate to them- 
selves exclusively the title of the American people, by the 
single sin of love for the South, the land of his birth. He 
has already taken his place in history. Not as an American, 
but as a Southern patriot and martyr, of whom America was 
not worthy. Every thought of his brain, every pulsation of 
his heart, everj- fold and fiber of his being were Southern. 

Not a drop but of pure Virginia blood flowed in his veins, 
Virginian, Southern, Confederate, Secession, from crown to 
sole. He had no aspirations in common with America as 
America now is, or sympathy with her works as they now 
are, and from the day on which his venerable State seceded 
from the American Union there was not an hour when he 
would not gladly have offered up his life and all that lif^ 
holds dear on the altar of Southern rights aganist American 
oppression. 

It has also been said that "General Lee belongs to civili- 
zation." Aye, he belongs to civilization, but let it not be for 



50 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

gotten, for such Avill be the record of impartial history, that 
it was the Southern type of civilization which produced him. 
And now that a sublime self immolation has fixed him on the 
topmost pinnacle of fame, let his immortal image look down 
forever upon the ages, the perfect representative of the 
mighty struggle, the glorious purpose and the long-sustained 
moral principle of the heroic race from which he sprung. 

After Gen. Lee's death the act disfranchising ex-Confed- 
erates was repealed. 

The following beautiful lines were written by Philip 
Stanhope Wormsley, of Oxford University, England, in the 
dedication of his translation of Homer's "Iliad" to Gen. 
Lee: "The most stainless of earthly commanders, and, ex- 
cept in fortune, the greatest." 

The grand old bard that never dies, 

Receive him in our English tongue; 

I send thee, but with weeping eyes, 
The story that he sung. 

Thy Troy is fallen, thy dear land 

Is marred beneath the spoiler's heel; 
I can not trust my trembling hand 
To write the things I feel. 

Ah, realm of tombs! but let her bear 
This blazon to the end of time; 

No nation rose so white and fair, 
None fell so pure of crime. 

The widows' mourn, the orphans' wail. 

Come round thee — but in truth be strong — 

Eternal right, though all else fail, 
Can never be made wrong. 

An angel's heart, an angel's mouth. 
Not Homer's, could alone for me 

Hymn well the great Confederate South 
Virginia first and Lee. 



oavannah 

Three times in the history of Georgia our grand old city 
of Savannah has been besieged by an invading army. 

When Sherman approached the city December, 1864, with 
the largest army that had ever been gathered in the history 
of nations in modern times, and thousands of negroes that 
had been driven from peaceful homes massed for a breast- 
work before him, this poem was written by Miss Mollie 
Thompson, afterwards Mrs. Seaborn Wade. Her father, Col. 
W. T. Thompson, was editor Morning News : 

SAVANNAH 

Thou hast not drooped thy stately head, 
Thy woes a wondrous beauty shed! 
Not like a lamb to slaughter led. 
But with the lion's monarch tread. 
Thou comest to thy battle bed. 
Savannah! Oh, Savannah! 

Thine arm of flesh is girded strong; 
The blue veins swell beneath thy wrong; 
To thee the triple cords belong. 
Of woe, and death, and shameless wrong. 
And spirit vaunted long, too long! 
Savannah! Oh, Savannah! 

No bloodstains spot thy forehead fair! 
Only the martyr's blood is there! 
It gleams upon thy bosom bier. 
It moves thy deep, deep, soul to prayer, 
And tunes a dirge for thy sad ear. 
Savannah! Oh, Savannah! 



52 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

Thy clean, white hand is opened wide 
For weal or woe, thou Freedom's Bride! 
The sword sheath sparkles at thy side, 
Thy plighted truth whate'er betide, 
Thou hast but freedom for thy guide, 
Savannah I Oh, Savannah! 

What tho' the heavy storm cloud lowers 
Still at thy feet the old oak towers! 
Still fragrant are thy jassamine bowers, 
And things of beauty, love and flowers, 
Are smiling o'er this land of ours. 
My sunny home, Savannah! 

There is no film before thy sight — 
Thou seest woe, and death, and night— 
And blood upon thy banner bright! 
But in thy full wrath's kindled might 
What carest thou for woe or night? 
My Rebel home, Savannah! 

Come, for the crown is on thy head! 
Thy woes a wondrous beauty shed! 
Not like a lamb to slaughter led. 
But with the lion's monarch tread, 
O! come unto thy battle bed, 
Savannah! Oh, Savannah! 



Joel Chandler Harris 

What there is in association and environment to produce 
manner and expression, we can plainly see, but it is more dif- 
iicult to understand why a certain geographical center has 
produced so much genuine humor, as we find to be the 
product of five counties in middle Georgia. Gen. Longstreet, 
the author of "Georgia Scenes;'' Col. Thompson, who wrote 
"Major Jones' Courtship ;" J. J. Hooper, Francis 0. Ticknor, 
Richard Malcolm Johnston, Harry Stillwell Edwards, Sydney 
Lanier, Maurice Thompson, Joel Chandler Harris and other 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 53 

less known writers are from this section. Mr. Harris, Avhosc 
life work we study today, was born in Eatonton, Putnam 
county, Georgia, December 9, 1848. 

In a country store wherein was the postoffice at Eatonton, 
we first find a record of him. A shy, sensitive boy, it is 
said he watched the customers come and go, or curled up 
on an old sofa and read all story papers he could find — Mr. 
Turner, a wealthy planter, who owned an elegant home nine 
miles from Eatonton, in the center of an estate of 2,000 acres, 
surrounded by all that ante bellum days could provide for 
the enjoyment of life, decided to publish a weekly newspaper 
to be called the Countryman. This paper was to be modeled 
after Addison's Spectator, Goldsmith '.s Bee and Johnson's 
Kambler. My own father was a subscriber to this paper, and 
I well remember seeing it in my earliest childhood. It was 
said to be the only country newspaper in the world that had 
a circulation of 2,000 copies. Joel Chandler Harris was ac- 
quainted with Mr. Turner, and when he read in the first 
issue of the Countrj-man that the editor wanted a boy to 
learn the printer's business, he applied for the place and 
secured it. 

Fond of reading, but not of study, full of fun and energy, 
his neighbors often declared that the redlieaded boy needed 
hickory oil. A splendid outlet for all this mental and phy- 
sical vigor he found at the age of twelve in this grand old 
plantation home. He had a strange ^sympathy for animals of 
all kinds, and a deep and tender sj-mpathy for all humanity. 
He was allowed the use of Mr. Turner's horses, and with 
the negroes learned to hunt coons and 'possums ; from them 
he learned those stories that have placed him with the 
immortals. The printing office was in a grove of oaks, full 
of squirrels which kept the typesetter company. From his 
window he watched the birds build their nests, mate, and 
all their cunning tricks. 

It has been said "To him who holds communion with the 
invisible forms of nature, She speaks a varied language," 
how much plainer then does she speak in her visible forms. 



54 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

Darkest Africa gave to her children lore that had been 
kept among their descendants on Georgia plantations, and 
through Mr. Harris has been given to the world in its truest 
and clearest exposition. His works, with the exception of 
Uncle Remus, and one or two other characters, does not de- 
lineate the rare negro trained in elegant homes that imbibed 
the characteristics of their masters, but deals largely with 
the untutored plantation negroes. Neither does Mr. Harris 
represent such burlesques on the race as are given on the 
stage. His love for truth is his noblest characteristic, and 
although he does not profess to be a profound scholar, he 
had access and leisure to search and enjoy Mr. Turner's 
library of 3,000 volumes. This mental training and his 
ability to read and portray the negro character clearly, has 
given him a niche in the temple of fame. 

The work of the Grimm brothers made the folklore of 
the Teutonic race a subject of scientific study, showing that 
in many cases the nursery tale which delights the little 
child todji.v traced back through a thousand phases has come 
down from primeval times. Not wide was the breach be?- 
tween Africa and Georgia, as the race was only in bondage 
in England and America 215 years and the stories from Mr, 
Harris' pen came fresh from the child race of humanity in 
its lowest stages of development, its savage condition, how- 
ever, eliminated by the happy environment of a civilization 
so pure and peaceful that the world was not worthy of it. 

In December, 1864, when Joel was 16 years old, the larg- 
est army ever collected together on the globe in modern 
times marched through Georgia, passing through Mr. Turn- 
er's plantation. It had been reported that this army would 
take another route, and its sudden appearance to Joel, Avho 
was sitting on a fence watching rabbits and squirrels, was 
like a bolt of lightning from a clear sky. This host of men, 
composed partly of the flower of the Northern States, but 
largely of the scum of other nations brought to the United 
States by promise of large bounties, made a profound im- 
pression upon the boy who watched it pass. His first writ- 
ing that attracted public notice was a description of this 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 55 

€veiit, and its effect upon the negroes given with such fidelity 
to life, that it struck a responsive chord in the hearts of 
those who realized the passing of this era. Never more 
would exist the same relation of master and slave, the songs 
that floated out on the air full of pathos and humor were 
to undergo a change with the new order of things, and the 
new relations destroy the quaint philosophy of the negro 
race. 

Soon after the war Sam Small, under the name of Old 
8i, made the name of the Atlanta Constitution famous with 
his dialect stories. Mr. Harris found employment on the 
same paper and as Uncle Remus the two created great in- 
terest in the preservation of the legends and traditions of 
the negro race, and they asked the public to add to their 
store. Later a larger world opened to Mr. Harris, he began 
to write fiction, bringing in the white race, and nowhere do 
we find a character truer to nature than Mrs. Feratia Bivins, 
who, as Uncle Mingo says, "her pa would a bin a rich man, 
and a owned niggers if it hadn't a bin bekase he sot his 
head agin stintin of his stomach.' 

The dark side of slavery has been recognized and graph- 
ically depicted by him although subjected to unkind criti- 
•cism, as other Southern writers have been for the same 
cause. Mr. Harris replies to this, "What does it matter 
whether I am Northern or Southern, if I am true to truth, 
my owTi true self? My idea is that truth is more important 
than sectionalism, and that literature that can be labeled 
Northern, Southern, Western or Eastern is not worth label- 
ing at all. I like people who are what they are, and are not 
all the time trying to be what somebody else has been." Mr. 
Harris is under the medium height, broad shouldered and 
stout, but supple and full of energy, with chestnut hair and 
blue, laughing eyes. It is said he is always in a good humor, 
and enjoj^s his work, his friends and his family. At his semi- 
rural home in the suburbs of Atlanta he has a fine rose gar- 
den, roses are said to be his one passion, and above all things 



56 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

loves the quiet restfulness of home. He will not be persuaded 
to lecture or read, and has said, "I would not do it for 
$1,000,000." 

He has published more than twelve volumes "in which 
he has preserved traditions, photographed a civilization, 
perpetuated types and created one character." 

Humor and sympathy are his chief qualities, and in every- 
thing he is simple and natural and in this spirit has trans- 
fixed in his works the old order of plantation life, true to 
what it was. 

ISABELLA REMSHART REDDING. 
Waycross, April, 1906. 



The Concord School 

The different epochs in history have been brought about 
by the era of social, political and religious thought under- 
lying them. When we realize that there has been but one 
movement in the history of the American mind which has 
given to literature a group of writers having coherence 
enough to merit the name of a school, we naturally seek 
the causes that brought it into existence. 

New England was settled hy Englishmen who were con- 
temporaneous with the greatest names in English literature. 
Jamestown was planted in 1607, nine j^ears before Shakes- 
peare died. John Milton left Cambridge twelve years after 
the landing at Plymouth. Harvard was open for students 
in 1636. Although many of the colonists were scholars, 
those stern men, with empires in their brain, had more 
pressing work to do than the making of books. Brought 
face to face with the sea, the wilderness and the Indians, 
"in these ends of the earth," as they called it, their most 
anxious concern was for the purity of the gospel in their 
jnilpits. Surrounded by savages and wild beasts, homesick- 
ness and superstitious forebodings of the darkest kind often 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 57 

took possession of tliem, and the vicissitudes of the colony 
were so great that the sun seemed to shin but dimly for 
them. Such is the impression left after reading the writings 
of Colonial days in New England. 

The next short era in America was led by the men who 
fought for independence in field and forum, and the writ- 
ings they have left with us are historical and political. Its 
humor, poetry and fiction being wholly local. 

Then came the period of expansion. When emigration 
started westward, leaving but little time for literary achieve- 
ment. 

Although literary epochs overlap each other, pure litera- 
ture was not born in this country until after the first quarter 
of the nineteenth century. 

About this time arose in Europe and America many novel 
gospels in religion, sociology, science, education, medicine 
and hygiene. New sects were born like the Swedenbor- 
gians. Universalists, Spiritualists, Millerites, Second Ad- 
ventists. Shakers, Mormons and Comeouters. Some of whom 
believed in trances, miracles, direct revelations from the 
Divine Spirit, the quick coming of Christ and the reorgani- 
zation of society and the family on a different basis. 

New systems of education were tried, suggested by the 
Swiss reformer Pestalogi and others. Then arose homeopa- 
thy, hidropathy, mesmerism, phrenology and kindred de- 
lusions, each having numerous followers. This was consid- 
ered the greatest humanitarian movement of New England. 
It began with Channing, who, coming out of the Orthodox 
Church, became the leader in the Unitarian movement, ran 
through the phase of transcendentalism, produced the Con- 
cord School, with Ralph Waldo Emerson, its prophet, and 
Concord its Mecca. 

Emerson, who had descended from eight generations of 
Puritan clergymen, became a Unitarian and resigned the 
pastorate of Second Church of Boston because he could not 
conscientiously administer the sacrament of the communions 
which he regarded as a mere act of commemoration in the 



58 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

sense in which it was understood by his parishoners. For 
transcendentalism was the rejection of authority and the 
appeal to the private consciousness as the sole standard of 
truth and right. 

This reasoning seemed strange indeed for one who de- 
clared that we are in direct communication with the Over 
Soul or Infinite Spirit; also that "nothing is left that can 
be called to Christianity, if its miraculous character be de 
nied." 

Emerson's point of view, though familiar to students of 
philosophy, is strange to the popular understanding. 

Though not claiming to be altogether transcendentalists, 
Alcott, Margaret Fuller, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Lowell, Whit- 
tier and Holmes, with many younger writers, struck their 
roots deep into its soil and communities were established 
where everything was to be common but common sense. 
About the year 1840 there were in America about thirty of 
these Phalansteries, the best known of these being the Brook- 
farm Community at West Rocksbur^-, Mass. 

To the eyes of conservative people the dangerous and 
ludicrous side was uppermost and some of these theories 
were ridiculed by the reformers themselves. 

The Blithdale Romance has for its background an ideal- 
ized picture of the communit}' life, and Zenobia was possibly 
a picture of Miss Fuller. 

Numbers abjured animal food as injurious, not only to 
health, but to a liner spirituality. Not a few refused to vote 
or pay taxes, and societies were established where a com 
munity of goods should take the place of selfish competition. 

Drawn b}' Emerson's magnificent spirit, Amos Bronson 
Alcott went to Concord to live. He had taught school in 
Boston and Connecticut, where, for example, he compelled 
his scholars to flog him instead of taking the flogging them- 
selves, and the experiment was successful until he admitted 
negro children to his scliool. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 59 

When Henry David Thoreau graduated from Harvard he 
became a private tutor to a family on Staten Island, bui 
Jiaving gone to Concord for a job of land surveying he too 
was drawn into this mystic philosophy, and built with his 
own hands on the banks of Walden Pond, near Concord, a 
small cabin, where he lived in seclusion two years. His ex- 
penses were nine cents a day. He wrote a characteristic 
book of this experiment where he undertook 

"To live all alone, 

Close to the bone, 

Where life is sweet, — 
Constantly eat." 

Sarah Margaret Fuller, the mo,st intellectual woman of 
her time in America, was also of this school, and an ardent 
seeker after the True, the Beautiful and the Good. She 
threw herself into many causes, such as temperance and 
higher education for women. Her brilliant conversation 
classes in Boston attracted many minds of her own sex ; 
subsequently, as literary editor of the New York Tribune, 
she wrote with great ability. In 1846 she went abroad, and 
at Rome took part in the revolutionary movement of Mazzini, 
having charge of a hospital during the siege of the city by 
the French. 

In 1847 she married an impecunious Italian nobleman, 
Marquis Ossoli. In 1850 the ship on which she was return- 
ing to America with her husband and child was wrecked on 
Fire Island beach and all three were lost. 

While many were drawn to Concord by the influence of 
Emerson and kindred spirits, the Seer would not be brought 
into a controversy, said he could not argue. 

The ferment of transcendentalism has long subsided and 
much of what was once seething has gone off in vapor, but 
some very solid matter has been precipitated. Some crystals 
of poetry, translucent, symmetrical, enduring, remain. Al- 
though the practical outcome was disappointing, and to the 
conservative mind that could not understand the utterances 



60 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

of these reformers the external history of the agitation is a 
record of failed experiments, spurious sciences and the sects 
dwindled Rway or have been absorbed by some form of or- 
thodoxy. ' ' 

Although the dangerous and ludicrous side of transcen- 
dentalism is uppermost, its moral earnestness, its spiritual- 
ity and tenderness for the individual conscience shows that 
underlying it was the purity and depth of the old Puritan 
spirit. "Its literature was like the stars in a winter night, 
it was almost too spiritual to hit the sense of mortal sight." 
It was at least indiginous an American literature, true to 
the spirit of New England. 

"The tough Puritan stock had at la^t put forth a blossom 
which compared Avith the warm robust growth of English 
soil, even as the delicate wind flower of the Northern spring 
compared with the cowslips and daisies of old England." 

While the men who made Concord famous are alseep in 
Sleepy Hollow, their memory prevails to draw seekers after 
truth to reason high of God, Freedom and Immortality. 

ISABELLA REMSIIART REDDING. 



Colonial and Re\)olutionar3) 

Days 



Colonial and Revolutionary Days 

A COLLECTION OF PROGRAMS 



THE VOYAGE OF COLUMBUS 

(Prepared by Mrs. J. H. Redding, Chairman Historic Pro- 
gram Committee, Georgia Daughters American Revolution.) 

1. The golden days of October remind us that 424 years 
ago this month, that vast portion of the earth's surface 
known as the United States was entirely unknown to the 
other parts of the world. 

What nation claims that explorations had been made on 
this continent A. D. 1000? 

2. If such explorations had been made all traces of them 
had perished, and to whom belongs the glory of discovering 
the Western Hemisphere? 

3. Where did Columbus land, how was he dressed, and 
in whose name did he take possession of the country? 

4. By what right do nations acquire territory? 

5. Christopher Columbus married Felipe Monis de Pel- 
estrello, daughter of an Italian gentleman who had acquired 
fame as a navigator, and in this way Columbus came in 
possession of papers which increased and intensified his 
strong passion for nautical life and adventure. Why did he 
not receive aid from his own country for his explorations ? 

6. To discover a new continent was no part of his enter- 
prise, but for what reason was he so anxious to discover a 
western route to India? 

7. Observations of the earth's shadow on the moon 
during eclipses, and other considerations made him believe 
the world was round. 



64 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

Driftwood from the Avest sometimes floated on the coast 
of Madeira, also dead bodies of two men of unknown race. 
What conclusion did Columbus draw from these facts? 

8. Why did he call the aborigines Indians? 

9. What event of his voyage made him change his 
course from northwest to southwest? 

10. Had he landed on what is noAV known as Virginia, 
and claimed by right of discovery North America for Spain, 
what effect would it have had on the world 's history ? 

11. The claim of Great Britain to establish colonies in 
North America to the exclusion of others was founded by 
right of priority of discovery, wdiich by general consent of 
nations is regarded as good and valid. What was the name 
of the man in the employ of Great Britain who reached 
North America fourteen months before Columbus landed on 
the mainland of South America? 

12. Of what country was he a native? 

13. Amerigo Vespucci, or Americus Vespucis, a Floren- 
tine scholar and navigator, soon after Columbus' w^onderful 
discoveries set out on a new voyage of explorations, he made 
more extensive discoveries and landed on the coast of South 
America 1497, several months before Christopher Columbus. 
He published an account of his discoveries, his delineation 
of the coasts, inlets and islands so exact in detail, and his 
descriptions so charmingly w^ritten they were published in 
several languages of Europe and used by subsequent navi- 
gators. 

Does the world owe greater gratitude to Columbus or to 
Vespuecis ? 

14. Would the native inhabitants of any country have 
yielded their country to another race with less crvielty than 
did the Indians of North America ? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 65 

Answers 

1. The navigators claim that Lief, son of Eric of Nor- 
way, fitted out a ship A. D. 1000, visited his father in Green- 
land, and proceeded southward and discovered what is now 
New Foundland, and advanced as far south in his explora- 
tions as the coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 

2. ? 

3. One of the Bahamas, called by the natives Gu-an- 
ahani or Cat Island, to which Columbus gave the name of 
San Salvador. The landing took place on the morning of 
October 12, 1492, was accompanied with every demonstra- 
tion of gratitude and joy. Columbus, richly dressed in a 
scarlet uniform, and bearing the royal standard of Spain, was 
the first to press his foot upon the new earth, of which he 
took possession for and in the name of Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella, sovereigns of Aragon and Castile. Then kneeling he 
kissed the earth and gave thanks to God for His goodness. 
In the meantime the natives stood around filled with amaze- 
ment and awe at the formidable appearance of these strange 
and wonderful men, whom they supposed to have descended 
from the sun. 

4. By right of discovery, conquest and purchase. 

5. Columbus failed of aid and of sympathy in his own 
country not because the Italians were less enlightened and 
progressive, but because of the isolated hostile state of the 
political powers in the Italian peninsula. 

6. Because India had been and was a storehouse of 
wealth for the world. 

7. That he would find by sailing west land bej^ond the 
western sea. 

8. Because he believed he had found a part of India 
hitherto unknown. 

9. Flocks of strange birds were observed flying from 
that direction. 

10. The country would have been lost to Anglo Saxon 
civilization and religious liberty. 



66 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

11. John Cabot in the service of Henry VII, King of 
England, accompanied by his son, Sebastian. 

12. Venice, Italy. 

13. ? 

14. ? 



October, 1916. 

The Discovery of the Continent 

1. After America "was named the idea that it was a 
separate part of the globe Avas not generally accepted. Some 
thonght it "was a great island or sonthern continent like 
Australia, but the majority believed with Columbus? 

What was his belief? 

2. By Avhom was the real character of America first 
found out, and who sailed through the straits that bear his 
name ? 

3. When eyes of men were opened to the truth and they 
saw that America instead of being a part of the old world 
was a new continent, was the discovery hailed with delight? 

4. There had been great scarcity of gold in the old 
world, kings had robbed Jews and hired pretended chem- 
ists to turn lead into gold. 

From what part of America was gold first obtained, and 
how was it used? 

5. When riches began to pour into the old world from 
America, what effect did it have upon the age? 

6. Spain claimed by right of discovery and conquest 
South America, Mexico, Florida and the larger islands. 

Who discovered Florida and what did he seek to find 
of greater value than gold ? 

7. He obtained a royal charter from Spain to search for 
that land of promise, and when found to hold it as governor 
for life. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 67 

When did he reach the mainland of North America and 
did he discover the fountain? 

8. Why did he name it Florida? 

9. To whom did the Pope give America? 

10. What did Francis I of France say when he heard 
this, and what did he do ? 

11. What American poet has made that region dear to 
our hearts, and who was the heroine of whom he wrote? 

12. What other colony did the French plant and what 
city did they build ? 

13. With the French settlement in the north and the 
Spaniards in possession of Florida, England claimed the vast 
domain lying between, but it was nearly 80 years before 
she planted her colonies in America. What name was given 
to the whole of England's possession in North America? 

14. For whom named? 

Answers 

1. That it was an immense peninsula projecting from 
southeastern Asia. 

2. By Ferdinand Magellan, who determined to find a 
route to India, sailed to the southeast through these straits 
into the great ocean he named Pacific. Coasting up north 
he ended by going across the newly discovered ocean of the 
west, one ship going entirely around the globe. 

3. Not at all. Europe was bent on finding a route to 
India, the region of gold, precious stones, spices and finely 
woven cloth, and there stood America barring all progress. 

4. From South America and Mexico. Armies were 
equipped, palaces built and public improvements made. 

5. A new impulse was given to the world, and a sudden 
and immense increase in geographical knowledge. 

6. Ponce de Leon. The fountain of youth. He had 
been told by the Indians while cruising among the islands 
that there was such a fountain in the land of Bimini. 



68 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

7. Easter Sunday, 1513. 

No waters were there to restore him to youth. 

AVithin a mile of St. Augustine, there is a spring said to 
have been curbed and used by de Leon and so recorded by 
the Spaniards. 

8. Because it was the land of flowers. He probably 
found in bloom oranges, lemons, honeysuckle, yellow jas- 
samine and other flowers that do not grow north of the Al- 
tamaha river in Georgia, 

9. He divided it between Spain and Portugal. 

10. He said, "Show, me that clause in Father Adam's 
will which divides the earth between the Spanish and Por- 
tugese and excludes France?'' 

He sent expeditions that made settlements on the St. 
Lawrence at Montreal and Quebec, New Foundland and 
Arcadia, now Nova Scotia. 

11. Longfellow. Evangeline. 

12. Louisiana and New Orleans. 

13. Virginia. • 

14. Elizabeth, the virgin queen. 



De Soto's Arrival in Georgia 

1. What nations once claimed the territory now known 
as Georgia, and by what names has it been known? 

2. Raleigh's charter was granted in 1584 which gave to 
the South the first page in Anglo-Saxon history, but forty- 
four years previous, in 1540, the soil of Georgia was invaded 
by Spain. Who was the leader and what did he expect to 
accomplish ? 

3. How was he received on his return to Spain? 

4. What request did he make of the emperor? 

5. Was this granted? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 69 

6. There was great excitement in Spain over the con- 
quest of Mexico and Peru, and it was expected that greater 
grandeur would be found in the interior of Florida. What 
promise was made to the explorers? 

7. Five large ships, two caravels and two pinances were 
provided. From what classes did the volunteers enlist? 

8. With what were they provided? 

9. Nearly a year was passed in Cuba before De Soto 
proceeded to Florida. Where did he land? 

10. When did they reach Georgia? 

11. How were they received by the Georgia Indians? 

12. What return did the Spaniards make? 

13. What does a Spanish historian of that era say of 
De Soto? 

14. What did John Ribault say of these Indians? 

15. Wliat else have we learned of the Indians of Geor- 
gia from Spanish, French and English historians? 

16. In what did they excel? 

17. In what respect were they distinguished among 
the Indian tribes? 

18. What do historians tell us of their characteristics? 

19. What did these tribes claim as their origin? 

20. What course did De Soto take in his journey through 
Georgia? 

21. Where did they probably first stop? 

22. Failing to find silver, how did they proceed? 

23. Where did they go after this in the search for gold ? 

24. These first Europeans who traversed the soil of 
Georgia then passed into Alabama. What is recorded of 
their journey westward? 

25. With what great river is De Soto's name linked? 

26. What did he demand of the Indian tribes in that 
region and what did he claim? 



70 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

27. What did the chief of the tribes reply to this de- 
mand ? 

28. When De Soto made this journey through Georgia 
in 1540 what was the territory called? 

29. When the Lords, Proprietors of Carolina in 1717 
granted the territory lying between the Sava'nnah and 
Altamaha rivers, fextending )indefbiitely westward, what 
was it named? 

30. Sir Robert Montgomery had dreams of making 
this region more wonderful and ideal than the Grand Model 
proposed. What was the cause of his failure? 

31. How did Sir Robert describe this portion of prime- 
val Georgia? 

Answers 

1. England first gave the name of Virginia to all her 
possessions in North America, which included what is now 
Georgia. Under the charter given to the Lords Proprie- 
tors it was included in Carolina. In 1717 the Lords Pro- 
prietors granted to Sir Robert Montgomery that portion of 
their territory lying between the Savannah and Altamaha 
rivers, and it was known as the Margravate of Azilia. Spain 
also claimed it as her territory and it was known to the 
Spaniards as Florida. 

2. Hernando De Soto, who was born 1500. He took 
part in all the Spanish exploits in Central America, was 
with Pizarro and shared in the conquest of Peru. 

3. The romantic conqueror was welcomed with univer- 
sal applause. He was appareled like a mediaeval prince 
and enriched with the spoils of an empire. 

4. A commission as governor of the entire Spanish prov- 
ince in North America, and also the governorship of Cuba. 

5. It was on condition that he would proceed in person 
to the Land of Flowers within one year after landing in 
Cuba, explore it and conquer the natives. To this end he 
should have a fleet and a colony. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 71 

6. That the spoils of gold, gems and pearls should be 
divided between the conquering bands and the royal treas- 
ury. 

7. All classes of Spanish society nobles, peasants, ad- 
venturers and colonists, the soldiers were the flower of 
Spanish chivalry. Even a few women were included w4th 
the 950 who sailed for America 1539. 

8. An abundant equipment and supplies ; 300 swine, 
330 horses, mechanics, tools and implements of husbandry, 
shackles for their captives and bloodhounds to run them 
down. 

9. On the sands of Tampa bay. May 18, 1539. 

10. Early in the spring of 1540. 

11. With great hospitality the natives gave them maize 
and wild game. 

12. Every form of cruelty and humiliation. Sup- 
plies were ruthlessly appropriated. Women misused and 
driven from their habitations. Sepulchres ransacked in their 
greedy search for pearls and treasures. 

13. That "the governor was very fond of the sport of 
killing Indians." 

14. That they were "lovingly entertained by the natives 
and that the country was the fairest, fruitfullest and pleas- 
antest of all the world." 

15. That they were the noblest tribes of the red race. 
Their wants supplied from the forests and waters, with a 
warm and generous soil they were relieved from the great 
struggles for subsistance. That they lived in houses made 
of trees and lined with bark and deer skins, wore clothing 
and shoe's. Cultivated maize, beans, pumpkins, melons and 
fruit ; they were expert in hunting and fishing, skilled in the 
use of the bow and arrow, club and harpoon. . 

16. The manufacture of boats from single trees, bowls, 
fishing lines and nets from the bark of trees, mats and bas- 



73 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

kets. Articles of dress made from grass, deer, buffalo and 
bear skins carefully dyed grey, brown, vermillion and yellow 
woolen shawls and adorned with feathers. 

17. They were expert artificers and arrow makers^ 
traces of their workshops have been found in the knolls in 
depths of swamps and on the isea islands, and they would 
perform long journeys, probably as far as Lake Superior to 
exchange their implements for other commodities. 

18. They were fond of music and dancing; were well 
proportioned and of good countenance. Cheerful and tena- 
cious of the rights of other men, generous and never known 
to exterminate a tribe. 

19. Some asserted that in the beginning they issued in 
great numbers from a cave near the Alabama river, others 
boasted that their ancestors had fallen from the sky, but 
every known Indian tribe has a knowledge of the deluge. 

20. The general trend of the march was northeast across 
the Ockloekonee river. Along this route they were welcomed 
by the Indians ; one chief gave them deer skins, maize and 
200 wild turkeys. 

21. On Savannah river, 25 miles below Augusta, in a 
mulberry shaded Indian town, to search for silver; has ever 
since been known as Silver Bluff. 

22. Upward along the Savannah river, on through Na- 
coochee valley and Yonah is the mountain probablj' spoken 
of in their record of this journey, near which they rested 
two days to refresh men and horses. 

23. To the Indian town of Chiacha, now the city of 
Rome, where they spent a month. It is also recorded that 
evidence of Spanish fortifications were found on Stone Moun- 
tain. 

24. They destroyed a whole Indian town of the brave 
Alibamons. 

25. The Mississippi, because he was the first white man 
who discovered it. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 1Z 

26. He claimed to be of divine origin, and demanded 
tribute and servitude. 

27. Dry up the river and we will believe you. But his 
golden dreams vanished and he was entombed in the Father 
of Waters. 

28. Florida. 

29. The Margravate of Azilia. 

30. The time limit for settlement was three years, fail- 
ing to secure immigration, it became void. 

31. He has described it as "the most amiable country 
of the universe; that nature has not blessed the world with 
any tract that can be preferable to it ; that Paradise with 
all her virgin beauty may be modestly supposed at most, but 
equal to its excellencies. 

It lies in the same latitude with Palestine herself that 
promised Canaan, which was pointed out by God's own 
choice, to bless the labors of a favorite people." 



John Ribault's Visit to Georgia in 1 562 

Many years before France's struggle with Spain for 
supremacy in North America Capt, John Ribault, viceroy 
for the King of France, under orders from Admiral Coligany 
was sent to America to plant a Protestant colony. He prob- 
ably landed where the town of Saint Marys, Georgia is now 
located, as the tabby foundations of forts and houses along 
the river of the same name clearly proves. This river is 
the dividing line between Georgia and Florida and has a 
tragic interest in addition to its historic importance. He 
named the rivers of our State and wrote a beautiful descrip- 
tion of the country. 

• De Soto marched through Georgia in 1540. John Ribault 
came in 1562, He was born in Dieppe, France in 1520, was 
a Protestant and willingly agreed to bring to North America 



74 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

the Gospel of Christ's atonement for all men. He explored 
the St. John's river in Florida, thence sailed northward and 
established twenty-six colonists in a blockhouse called Fort 
Charles on Port Royal harbor. Ribault returned to France, 
but owing to the distracted state of affairs in that country 
no aid was sent to the colonies, and after enduring great 
suffering they abandoned the fort. 

In 1564 he was commissioned governor of a contemplated 
colony in Florida. He sent Rene de Laudonniere, who built 
Fort Carolin on the St. Johns river. History tells us that 
when Don Pedro Menendez De Aviles Adelantado arrived in 
Florida he came to establish the Roman Catholic faith and 
devoted himself to fortifying St. Augustine to defend him- 
self from a French fleet commanded by Capt. Ribault should 
another attempt be made to land a French colony in Florida. 

In May, 1565, Ribault sailed for Florida with seven ves- 
sels and 300 men. His ships Avere wrecked in a hurricane 
and his men wandered on the coast. They only learned from 
the Indians that Fort Carolin had been attacked by Menan- 
dez in September, the fort was taken and its garrison massa- 
cred. The cruelty and treachery of the Spaniards to Ribault 's 
men is too harrowing to record. They ivere required to re- 
nounce their faith or suffer death. This they refused to do, 
saying probably they had not more than twenty years to live 
and life was not worth that sacrifice. Eight of these men de- 
clared that they were Roman Catholics, these were re- 
leased. Two hundred were butchered, not as Frenchmen, 
but as heretics. 

"They were heroes without the laurel, 
And conquerors without the triumph." 

ISABELLA R. REDDING. 



South Georgia 

Sixty-seven years before the English colony landed at 
Jamestown in 1607, and eighty years before the Pilgrims 
landed at Plymouth in 1620, the Spanish and French people 
began to make history in what is now South Georgia. 

In 1539 Hernando De Soto landed on the sands of Tampa 
bay. He reached Georgia May, 1540, crossed the Ocldockonee 
river and traversed the State to Silver Bluff just below 
Augusta, with the chivalry of Spain mounted and equipped 
to plant the banner of their native land in America. He 
hoped to rival Pizarro and find another Peru to enrich Spain 
M'ith gold and precious stones. Their advent in this terri- 
tory filled the aborigines with surprise, but they gave them 
a cordial welcome and showered them with hospitality, send- 
ing two hundred cooked turkeys with a bountiful supply of 
other kinds of food. It is painful to read the record of the 
cruelty of De Soto and his men to these people, the noblest 
tribes of the red race, who wore clothing, decorated their 
wigM^amsi, venerated the aged and the graves of their dead, 
and were never known to exterminate a tribe. Of De Soto 
it was written by one of his men to the homeland that "The 
Captain was fond of the sport of killing Indians." 

In 1562, before the Hugenots planted their colony in 
South Carolina, John Ribault traversed the coast of Georgia 
observed its harbors and named its rivers. 

He said of this land, "It is a fayre coast, stretchyng of a 
great length, covered with an infinite number of high and 
fayre trees." The waters "were boyling and roaring 
through the multitude of all kind of fish. ' ' The inhabitants 
were "of a goodly statue, mightie and as well shapen and 
proportioned of body as any people in ye world ; very gen- 



76 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

tie, courteous and of a good nature.'' Lovingly entertained 
were these strangers bj' the natives, and they were, in the 
delightful springtime, charmed with all they beheld. As 
they entered and viewed the country they pronounced it 
"the fairest, fruitfullest and pleasantest of all the world, 
abounding in honey, venison, wild foule, forests woods of 
all s.orts, palm trees, c.ypresse and cedars, Bayes ye highest 
and greatest, with also the fayrest vines in all the world, 
with grapes according, which without natural art and with- 
out man's helpe or trimming will grow to tops of okes and 
other trees that be of a wonderful greatnesse and height. 
And the sight of faire meadows is a pleasure not able to be 
expressed with tongue; full of Hemes, Curlues, Bitterns, 
Mallards, Egrepths, Woodcocks and all other kinds of small 
birds : with harts, hindes, buckes, wild swine and all other 
kinds of wilde beastes, as we perceived well, both by their 
footing there, and also afterwardes in other places by their 
crie and roaring in the night." 

"Also there be Conies and Hares, Silkworms in meruail- 
ous number, a great deal fairer and better than be our silk- 
worms. To be short, it is a thing unspeakable to consider 
the things that be seene there, and shall be found more and 
more in this incomparable land, which never yet was broken 
with plow yrons, bringeth forth all things according to its 
first nature where with the eternal CTod indued it." 

Thus reads "The True and Last Discourse made by Capt. 
John Ribault in the yeere 1562." 

Enraptured with the delights of temperature, woods, sky, 
and waters and anxious to transfer to this new domain 
names consecrated by pleasant associations at home, Captain 
Ribault called our St. Mary's river the Seine, the St. Ilia 
the Somme, the Altamaha the Loire, the Ne-\\T)ort the Char- 
ante, the Great Ogeechee the Garonne, and the Savannah the 
Gironde. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 77 

''Two years afterwards when Rene de Laudonniere 
visited Ribault's fort he found it deserted. The stone pillar 
inscribed with the arms of France, wdiich he had erected to 
mark the furthest confines of Charles IX. 's dominion in the 
Land of Flowers was garlanded with wreaths. Ofeerings 
of maize and fruits lay at its base, and the natives, regard- 
ing the structure with awe and veneration, had elevated it 
into the dignity of a god. ' ' 

Though no permanent settlement had been effected by 
these people at points between the Savannah and St. Marys 
rivers, there are signs of tabby foundations proving that 
forts were builded on the Georgia coast long before the ad- 
vent of Oglethorpe. 

The history of the Indians of Georgia from the time of 
Ribault's visit is full of interest. Their life and legends 
would fill pages of a large volume, but this land a beneficent 
father had prepared for the tramp of the coming host of 
another race. 

In the world's great drama the hour had come and a 
crisis was iminent; James Oglethorpe, being prepared by 
character and experience, became the man of the hour. In 
1742 he, wdth his faithful follow^ers, expelled forever from 
this continent the Spaniard, who had claimed it for more 
than two hundred years by discovery and conquest. Not all 
conquests are won by the arbitrament of arms, but there 
have been three mighty struggles in the world's history that 
forever settled the destiny of nations. 

When Alexander the Great met the Persians at the battle 
of Arabela he forever settled the destiny of Europe in that 
mighty struggle ; this ancient empire that once menaced all 
the kingdoms of the earth, was forever crushed in that vic- 
tory, 331 years B. C. Greek power took root and the lan- 
guage and civilization of Greece w^as planted from the shores 
of the Agean to the banks of the Indus, from the Caspian to 
the Nile. 



78 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

Anno Domini 732 Chas. Martel, at the battle of Tours, 
rescued Britain and Gaul from the civil and religious yoke 
of the Koran. This victory over the Saracens gave a decis- 
ive check to Arab conquest in Western Europe, rescued 
Christianity from Islam and preserved the germs of modern 
civilization. 

In July, 1742, our peerless Oglethorpe met the Spaniards 
at the battle of Bloody Marsh. Spain never rallied from this 
defeat and North America was won for Anglo-Saxon civili- 
zation and religious liberty. 

Fully as great in its influence over the destiny of men 
was the battle of Bloody Marsh, as the battles of Arbela 
or Tours had been. 

This glance backward at the history of South Georgia 
for 234 years before the American Revolution, when gigantic 
oaks and magnolias, cedars and myrtles covered the spots 
where now the spires of churches and the busy marks of 
trade are found, bears a deeper interest when we realize 
that it was in our own loved Georgia. 

Although the last of the thirteen original States to join 
the Confederation of the United States, it was the first whose 
sands were pressed by the feet of the historic races of men. 

ISABELLA REMSHART REDDING. 



Sir Walter Raleigh's Expedition 

1. The most romantic events of colonial history were 
connected with the colonization of the Carolinas, which in- 
cluded what is now the State of Georgia. Why has this 
section of our country been overlooked and disregraded? 

2. The coast of what is now known as North and South 
Carolina was first explored by the French in 1563. For 
whom was it named? 

3. Two small colonies of French Protestants landed on 
the shores of Carolina in 1563 and 1564. What became of 
them? 

4. A charter wq,s given to an Englishman in 1584 who 
made the first settlement within the present limits of the 
United Stateis. To whom was this charter given and where 
did this colony land? 

5. The natives received them kindly and two Indians 
consented to accompany the explorers back to England. 
What were the names of these Indians? 

6. What effect did this visit to England have upon 
them? 

7. Was the siecoud expedition sent out by Raleigh suc- 
cessful ? 

8. Soon after Sir Richard Granville, a relative of Sir 
Walter Raleigh, arrived with a new supply of provisions, 
finding the place deserted, what did he do? 

9. Unwilling to give up the enterprise, Raleigh sent the 
fourth expedition under John White in 1587, with 117 men, 
women and children. Did they find the fifteen men left 
two years previous ? 



80 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

10. What two events happened in this colony that gives 
our Southland the earliest page in the history of the Anglo- 
Saxon race in America? 

11. How long did White remain on Roanoke Island? 

12. What did he find on his return? 

13. Did White make a search for the colonists? 

14. What became of this colony? 

15. What products of our soil did Raleigh's colony in- 
troduce into England? 

16. Although these efforts to form permanent settle- 
ments in North America failed and our continent still re- 
mained a vast wilderness, what good was accomplished? 

17. Why should the memory of Sir Walter Raleigh be 
cherished by Carolineans and Georgians ? 

18. For what other reason should we feel an interest 
in this man? 

Answers 

1. Because it has produced few historians. 

2. Charles IX (Carolus) King of France. 

3. The first landed at Port Royal ; no reinforcements be- 
ing sent they returned to France. The second settled on 
the coast of Florida. 

4. To Sir Walter Raleigh. At Roanoke Island. 

5. Wanchese and Manteo. 

6. Manteo, whose home was at Croaton, remained a firm 
friend of the Whites, Wanchese became embittered by his 
voyage. 

7. While these colonists were on an exploring expedi- 
tion the Carolinas, a formidable tribe, turned upon them. 
They discovered that a conspiracy was formed by the tribes 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 81 

to destroy the colon3^ At a critical moment Sir Francis 
Drake arrived, and Gov. Lane persuaded liim to take the 
entire colony back to England. 

8. He left fifteen men to hold and protect the post. 

9. They had disappeared. No memorial of them save 
one human skeleton. 

10. The birth of Virginia Dare, the first born of Ameri- 
can colonists. Manteo, the old Indian chief, was baptized 
into the English Church 1587. 

These events occurred twenty years before the settlement 
at Jamestown and thirty-three years before the Puritans 
landed at Plymouth. 

11. Six weeks. He returned to England to procure pro- 
visions. Although Raleigh furnished him two ships, he did 
not return for three years. 

12. That the colony had disappeared. On a tree, deeply 
cut, was the word ''Croatan." 

13. He did not. Although Croatan was only fifty miles 
from Roanoke and the home of their Indian friend Manteo. 

14. Some believe they were carried to Croatan and 
mingled with the tribes, others believe they were murdered 
and the tree marked to lead White into a similar fate. 

15. Tobacco and potatoes. 

16. The "Atlantic was cleared of its terrifying mys- 
tery,'' and both the northern and southern routes across it 
became familiar to seafarers. 

17. Because he called the attention of the world to our 
Southland, and said, ' ' it was the fairest region of the earth. ' ' 
He spent at least a million dollars of his own fortune on 
these expeditions, and it is said he made the chart used by 
Oglethorpe in ascending the Savannah river. 

18. Because each returning April reminds us that "there 
are heroes without the laurel, and conquerors without the 
triumph." 



82 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 



VICTIS 

I sing the hymn of the conquered, who fell in the battle of life, 
The hymn of the yvounded, the beaten, who died overwhelmed in the strife; 
Not the jubilant song of the victors, for whom the resounding acclaim 
Of nations was lifted in chorus, whose brows wore the chaplet of fame; 
But the hymn of the low and the humble, the weary, the broken in heart. 
Who strove and who failed, acting bravely, a silent and desperate part; 
Whose youth bore no flower on its branches, whose hopes burned in 

ashes away. 
From whose hands slipped the prize they had grasped at, who stood at 

the dying today. 
With the wreck of their life all around them, unpitied, unheeded, alone. 
With death swooping down o'er their failure, and all but their faith 

overcome. 
While the voice of the world shouts its chorus — its pean for those who 

have won; 
While the trumpet is sounding triumphant and high to the breeze and 

the sun 
Glad banners are waving, hands clapping and hurrying feet 
Thronging after the laurel-crowned victors. I stand on the field of defeat 
In the shadow with those who are fallen and wounded and dying, and 

there 
Chant a requiem low; place my hand on their pain-knotted brows, breathe 

a prayer, 
Hold the hand that is helpless and whisper, "They only the victory win 
AVho have fought the good fight and have vanquished the demon that 

tempts us within. 
Who have held to their faith unseduced by the prize that the world holds 

on high, 
Who have dared for a high cause to suffer, resist, fight — if need be, to die." 
Speak, history! Who are life's victors? Unroll thy long annals and say. 
Are they those whom the world called the victors, who won the success 

of a day? 
The martyrs or Nero? The Spartans who fell at Thermopylae's tryst, 
Or the Persians and Xexres? His judges or Socrates? Pilate or Christ? 

— W. W. Story, Northwestern Christian Advocate. 



The Division of Virginia. Dutch and 
EngHsh Colonies 

Questions 

1. Sir Martin Frobisher was the first Englishman who 
made the attempt to establish a colony in North America. 
He sought to find a northwest passage to India through 
Labrador. Among curiosities carried back to England were 
black stones that were examined in London and said to con- 
tain gold. What storj^ was circulated about this voyage? 

2. An expedition was formed and 100 men went out to 
work the mines. "Who contributed to this enterprise and 
was it successful? 

3. Three successful attempts were made to colonize 
America by Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his half-brother, Sir 
Walter Raleigh. What effect did these voyages have on 
the old world? 

4. Where was the first English colony firmly estab- 
lished in America? 

5. Who divided Virginia? 

6. What of the region between the Potomac and the 
Hudson ? 

7. Who sent out the first expedition under Sir Henry 
Hudson, and for what was: it sent ? 

8. What was the result of this expedition? 

9. How were the Dutch settlements formed in America ? 

10. What settlement was made by the Plj^mouth Com- 
pany in north Virginia ? 

11. What privileges were granted and what conditions 
were required of the Jamestown colonv? 



84 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

12. What product of our soil was first exported and "vvho 
began its culture? 

13. Before America had nothing to export. What did 
King James say of the weed? 

14. What w^as the result of the cultivation of tobacco ? 

15. How was African slavery introduced into the British 
American colonies? 

16. Why was no city built in these early days in Vir- 
ginia ? 

17. What effect did this mode of living have upon the 
soil and the people? 

18. What event caused a great change in this condition? 

19. The colony now numbered hoAV many plantations? 
W^hat were thej^ called ? 

20. What was the first lawmaking assembly in America? 
What did it mean for the colonists ? 

21. Why did Blackstone predict immortality for the 
British constitution? 

22. In the early years of the seventeenth century there 
was a feeling of unrest in England ; soldiers were disbanded 
and many were out of employment. Men of every rank 
turned their attention to America, some for wealth and 
power, others as a refuge from religious and political perse- 
cution. 

What did a prominent minister declare, and why was it 
true ? 

Answers 

1. It was said the luck}- captain actually found the spot 
in that frozen region where King Solomon dug gold for his 
temple in Jerusalem. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 85 

2. Queen Elizabeth. The men were afraid to be left in 
that dreary region, and returned without an effort to make 
a permanent settlement. 

3. It aroused the spirit of adventure. 

4. At Jamestown on the James river, where is now the 
State of Virginia. 1607. 

5. King James I, who succeeded Elizabeth. He divided 
the country embraced in the Gilbert and Raleigh charters, 
forming two companies, to colonize. America, known as the 
London and Plymouth Companies. The London Company 
was to colonize South Virginia, extending from the Cape Fear 
river to the Potomac. The Plymouth Company the right to 
colonize north Virginia from the mouth of the Hudson to 
Newfoundland. 

6. This was to be neutral ground on which companies 
were at liberty to form colonies within fifty miles of their 
respective boundaries. 

7. A company of London merchants. All explorers hav- 
ing failed to find a northwest passage to India, he was to sail 
northeast. 

8. His ships were blocked by ice and he was compelled to 
return. 

His employers were not willing to spend more money on 
the enterprise ; it was abandoned. 

9. Sir Henry Hudson, unwilling to abandon his search 
for a northeast passage to India, went to Holland. . His 
appeal to the Dutch East India Company put him in com- 
mand of the ship "Half Moon." By virtue of his discover- 
ies, Holland laid claim to the country discovered by Hudson 
1609. 

10. A landing w^as made on the coast of Maine 1607, but 
the settlers abandoned the enterprise and returned to Eng- 
land. 

The Puritans landed and called the spot Plymouth 1620. 



86 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

11. The religion of the Church of England was estab- 
lished. No restrictions on trade. Land descended by com- 
mon law. Permission given to coin money. Trial by jury 
in criminal cases. 

12. Tobacco. John Kolfe began a system of cultivation 
and the streets of Jamestown were planted. Clergymen and 
officers were paid with tobacco. 

13. It was a hateful plant, loathsome and dangerous, 
and laid heavy taxation on it to support the throne. 

14. It encouraged settlers to clear land. Established 
regular and profitable trade with England. Induced immi- 
grants who had mone}" to come to Virginia. Introduced im- 
portation of slaves. 

15. Anterior to this period the Spanish and Portuguese 
had bought from chiefs on the coast of Africa negro cap- 
tives and carried them to other parts of the world. The 
African slave trade was at that time not only tolerated by 
all civilized nations, but actually engaged in for profit by 
many of the most distinguished Christian monarchs. A 
Dutch vessel brought twenty to Jamestown 1620 and sold 
them to the colonists. A majority of the colonists were much 
opposed to their introduction into the colony. 

16. Because the population was scattered on farms on the 
banks of rivers, they needed no ports as ships would unload 
from the plantation wharf. 

17. It exhausted the soil. Men seldom met to discuss 
politics, and there were no schools or printing presses. 

18. In 1619 Sir George Yeardley came over as governor. 
He summoned a general assembly elected by the freemen 
of Virginia. 

19. Eleven plantations, first called towns, later bor- 
oughs. 

20. The House of Burgesses, and it meant that the colo- 
nists had practically the right to manage their own affairs. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 87 

Spain would not grant this to her colonies. France refused it 
to her settlements. Trial by jury in civir cases was now al- 
lowed. 

21. He said, "Greece fell, Kome fell, Venice fell; the 
republics of modern times that hovered around classic Italy 
fell, but England will endure ; for trial by jury will make the 
liberties of Englishmen eternal." 

22. Virginia was the door God had opened to England. 
A new impetus was given to human progress. 



The Carolinas and the Grand Model 

1. Many attempts were made to colonize the Carolinas 
after Raleigh's expeditions. Where did the colonists come 
from? 

2. They suffered extreme hardships. What saved them 
from perishing of hunger. 

3. In the midst of these privations, what did they do that 
preserved the friendship of the Indians? 

4. Many went into the Carolina wilderness as independ- 
ent communities, framed and administered their own gov- 
ernment, made treaties with the Indians, and purchased land 
from the aboriginal owners. What effect did this have 
upon the character of the people 1 

5. Great fame had gone to the mother country of the 
Carolinas. Highly sensational descriptions of the land were 
circulated. What effect did this have upon ambitious Eng- 
lish courtiers? 

6. What was the extent of the territory, and how did it 
happen that it continued to be called Carolina? 

7. How was this vast territory bestowed upon the in- 
corporators ? 

8. What other privileges were granted them? 



88 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

9. lu what other respect was Carolina to differ from 
other English colonies? 

10. How did these empire builders expect to secure a 
population, and how divide them into classes? 

11. How did they propose to divide the land? 

12. What were the orders of nobility? 

13. Who was the author of this fundamental constitution 
known as the "Grand Model?" 

14. Locke is said to have given six years to this ''Grand 
Model." How long did it last, and what effect did it have 
upon the people ? 

15. While Locke was classifying imaginary people, what 
did the backwoodsmen do ? 

16. What became of the fantastic nobility? 

17. In the earlj^ part of the eighteenth century the colo- 
nists in South Carolina had protracted wars with the Yemas- 
sees. To whom did they appeal for aid? 

18. These having failed to assist them, the antagonism 
between the people and the Lords Proprietors came to a 
direct issue. To whom was an appeal then made? 

19. What was the result of this decision? 

20. What did the Lords Proprietors do? 

Answers 

1. From Virginia, Massachusetts and other countries. 

2. Their friends isient them provisions. 

3. They did not forget the spiritual welfare of the Li- 
dians, and performed the part of Christian missionaries. 

4. They felt that they had themselves established inde- 
pendent sovereignties. 

5. Eight of these Englishmen formed themselves into 
an association and applied to Charles II for a grant to a vast 
territory. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 89 

6. The territory embraced the present States of North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and as much territory 
westward as the incorporators could occupy. In this way 
the name given by the French was continued, though in honor 
of an English monarch. 

7. As absolute and forever, to their heirs and assigns. 
With rights of absolute monarchy except in allegiance to the 
crown. 

8. They were allowed to confer titles of nobility and 
grant indulgences to non-conformists. 

9. It was to be independent of other colonies, and the 
inhabitants brought before courts nowhere except there and 
in Great Britain. 

10. They issued a circular offering special inducements 
to colonies from New England, Barbadoes and the settlers 
near Cape Fear river. They proposed to divide the commun- 
ity into four castes. 

11. Each freeman should be allowed to choose 100 acres 
for himself and five for a servant, paying rent one penny per 
acre. The bulk of the population were to be serfs. 

12. Landgranes and caciques — the former equivalent to 
the title of earl and the latter to that of viscount. Large 
laud grants were alloted to each of the titled noblemen. 

13. John Locke, the great English philosopher, a wise 
and excellent gentleman, but ignorant of the people for whom 
he attempted to legislate. 

14. It was never effectual. Timber for nobles was plen- 
tiful, but the emigrants refused to be common people. 

15. They convoked a general assembly, which met in 
1669, framed a rough practical constitution which was sat- 
isfactory to the people, remained in force forty years. It 
was then re-enacted with additions demanded by the progress 
of time. They refused to pay the quit rent, saying they had 
bought the land from the Indians. 



90 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

16. They continued for some time to play a part in poli- 
tics. 

17. To the Lords Proprietors. 

18. To parliament. 

19. The king had the trouble investigated and as North 
Carolina had been agitated from the same cause, the charter 
granted by Charles II was declared forfeited by parliament, 
1729. 

20. All except Lord Cateret gave up the contest and sold 
their interest to the king in sterling money equivalent to 
45,000 Spanish milled dollars. Each colony received the 
same amount and relinquished all claim to the soil. What 
is now the State of Georgia, had been embraced in this char- 
ter. Thus ended the unwise attempt to legislate for people 
whose wants were unknown, and who cared not for titles 
nor pageantry. 

The Pilgrim Fathers and the Puritans 

1. Who were the Pilgrim Fathers? 

1. The earliest settlers of Massachusetts. They sepa- 
rated from the Church of England and sought refuge in Hol- 
land, then emigrated to Massachusetts in 1620 and founded 
the Plymouth colony. 

2. Were they Puritans? 

2. No, they were Independents in religion. The Massa- 
chusetts Bay colonists were Puritans. 

3. Wh}- were they called Puritans? 

3. This name was given them in derision because they 
insisted on a simpler, purer form of worship, and a stricter, 
purer life. 

4. Where did many of them flee, and what was the result 
of the chano-e ? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 91 

4. To Germany, and there came under Calvin's influence. 
In Holland and Germany these people learned the import- 
ance of educating children. 

5. Of what class were the Puritans in England? 

5. Mostly of the commoners, men of strong minds, good 
judgment and sterling character. 

6. What does England owe to them? 

6. Some of the best features of her free constitution. 
Under Cromwell they controlled the government. 

7. What influence did the Dutch have upon the Puri- 
tans ? 

7. Great influence in toning them up, and suggesting 
reforms they advocated. 

8, When the Mayflower sailed for America did the Pil- 
grims reach their expected destination? 

8. No, they were searching for Virginia, but were driven 
by storms to New England. 

9. What were conditions in Virginia when the Pilgrims 
landed at Plymouth ? 

9. Virginia was a colony of eleven plantations, with a. 
Representative Assembly making laws for the colony. 

10. After 150 years had passed what were conditions in 
New England? 

10. It had become a nation of great strength. Its clim- 
ate prevented the people from procuring subsistence from 
the soil, but fisheries, ship building and manufacturers of 
many kinds flourished, these being exchanged with other col- 
onies for food supplies. 

11. Why was the Navigation Acts proclaimed by Eng- 
land, so obnoxious to New England? 

11. Because they prohibited trade with foreign coun- 
tries. England determined to compel her colonies to bring 



92 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

their raw material to the mother countrj" for manufacture, 
and was unwilling for manufactured goods to be exported 
except from and in ships built in England. 

12. What special commodity in the West Indes did New 
England procure in violation of England 's laws ? 

12. Molasses. 

13. Why was such a large quantity of molasses used in 
New England? 

13. Some of it was consumed, but most of it was made 
into rum. 

14. What was done with so much rum ? 

14. It was carried to Africa and traded for slaves. 

15. What did the}^ do with the slaves? 

15. It was not profitable to use them in New England, 
and they were sold to Southern colonies. 

16. What colonies protested against their introduction? 

16. New York, Maryland and Georgia. So determined 
was Oglethorpe that they should not be brought into Geor- 
gia, that he went to England, took his seat in parliament and 
had a bill passed prohibiting the introduction of slaves or 
rum into our colony. 

17. Why did Georgia finally agree to the introduction 
of slaves? 

17. After Oglethorpe returned to England, never to re- 
turn to Georgia, Rev. George Whitefield visited South Caro- 
lina and Georgia. While in South Carolina he became con- 
vinced that the negroes were being civilized and Christian- 
ized, and were in far better condition than they were in 
Africa, and he urged the introduction of slavery into Georgia. 

18. What greater results did he believe would follow? 

18. That these converted slaves would Christianize 
Africa. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 93 

19. What was New England's attitude towards slave 
holding States 90 years later ? 

19. So bitter against the institution of slavery, they 
were willing to wage war to abolish an institution for which 
they were largely responsible. 

20. How did England emancipate her slaves? 

20. Gradually, as they reached a certain age, that the 
slaves and the people might be prepared for the change. 

21. How was slavery abolished in the United States? 

21. By a proclamation issued by Abraham Lincoln Jan- 
uary 1, 1863. 

22. What was the object of the proclamation ? 

22. It was believed that it would produce insurrection 
among the negroes, impoverish the South, and end the War 
Between the States. 

23. How did the proclamation affect the negroes? 

23. They remained, with few exceptions, loyal to their 
masters, who went forth as Washington did to fight for con- 
stitutional republican liberty ; and left their women and chil- 
dren and aged ones to the care of these negroes. They toiled 
faithfully to maintain them and supply their masters with 
bread. 

24. Did it bring the war to a close ? 

24. The war did not end until April, 1865. 

25. Did it impoverish the South? 

25. It did for a few years after the war, because neither 
the slaves or their masters were prepared for the change. 

26. The Hebrews were held in bondage in Egypt 215 
years. How long were the Africans in bondage in England 
and America? 

26. Exactly the same length of time, and when the Ruler 
of the Universe saw fit to release them it was done. 



Nova Scotia and the Acadians 

1. By whom was Nova Scotia first peopled? 

1. By industrious peasants wdio came from tlie province 
of Britanny in France 1604. 

2. What was their mode of life? 

2. Happy in the daily routine of their primitive ex- 
istence, unmindful of the outside w^orld. 

3. How was their business transacted? 

3. By the parish priests wdio settled all disputes, ar- 
ranged land titles, marriages, births, deaths and social func- 
tions. 

4. When was this territory transferred to England, and 
what was required of the Arcadians for the succeeding 40 
3'ears ? 

4. In 1713. No effort was made to force upon them an 
unwelcome government, and the only tax paid was their 
church tithe. 

5. What terms did they claim the treaty of Utrecht had 
given them ? 

5. Exemption from militar}- service against the French. 
This was not true, they were allowed one year to take the 
oath of allegiance to Great Britain or leave the colony. The 
French government urged them to remove to Canada, but 
they remained in Acadia, enemies of the English nation, who 
made every effort to conciliate them. 

6. What happened wdien the English began to make set- 
tlements on the peninsula ? 

6. Their national and religious antipithies w^ere excited, 
and discord succeeded harmony. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 95 

7. Why was the security of this province vital to Great 
Britain ? 

7. Because the French had an unconquerable desire to 
recover their long lost province. 

8. What fortifications had the French? 

8. The strong naval and military post of Louisburg at 
the far end of the peninsula, and with the aid of the Acad- 
ians had erected on the neck of the isthmus in doubtful ter- 
ritory the strong port of Beausejour. 

9. What defense had the English? 

9, Olily the new settlement of Halifax and a few isolated 
posts, not strong enough to resist an attack. 

10. In 1749 a British colony of 2,500 arrived in the prov- 
ince ; they were given free transportation and a grant of land 
and many of them had been trained soldiers. What effect 
did their arrival have upon the Acadians? 

10. Many of them left their farms for the French posts 
and some joined the Indians. 

11. After unbroken indulgence to them, what terms did 
the English offer? 

11. Permission to return to their abandoned farms in 
peace if they would take the oath of allegiance. 

12. Did any of them accept these terms? 

12. A certain number were reinstated, but the mass 
awaited the test, and Beausejour became a hot bed of in- 
trigue, treachery and disorder. 

13. What did their priests advise? 

13. "Better surrender your meadows to the sea, and 
your homes to the flames, than take the oath of allegiance to 
the British government at the peril of your souls." 

14, After the two British commanders had agreed that 
they need not bear arms, Charles Lawrence was placed in 



96 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

command with orders to compel the Acadians to take the 
oath on pain of confiscation of their property and expulsion 
from the province. How was this final appeal received? 

14. They responded Avith deputations from several dis- 
tricts, all objecting to the terms of the oath. 

15. Lawrence promised that they need not for the pres- 
ent bear arms, reminded them of the indulgence of the King, 
and that he could not longer tolerate disloyalty. What effect 
did this have? 

15. None whatever upon this infatuated people, they 
insolently declined to take the oath. "Then,'' said Lawrence, 
"you are no longer subjects of the King of England, but of 
the King of France. You will be treated as such and re- 
moved from the country. ' ' 

16. How did this affect them? 

16. They were staggered, and many of them expressed 
a willingness to take the oath. "No," said Lawrence, "you 
have had your opportunity and rejected it. Such an oath 
as you would now take, and such loyalty as mere fear ex- 
tracts from you is worthless. "We shall now have regard 
solely to the King's interests, and the consequences must 
rest on your own heads." 

17. This was in 1775, September 5 was decided upon for 
the day of action. What secret plan did the leading Brit- 
ish officers decide upon? 

17. That an officer in each district should summon all 
the able bodied Acadians to come to Grandpre where Wins- 
low was in command, and hear the intentions of the King 
toward them. They were caught in the trap and made pris- 
oners. 

18. Where did they meet ? 

18. At the parish church, and the King's orders read: 
The deeds and titles to their estate were taken away from 
them without recompense, and to prevent them from joining 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 97 

the French, also their firearms^ hoats and canoes. They were 
allowed to keep their money and all personal effects that 
they could take with them. 

19. What was- finally done with all w^ho had not taken 
the oath of allegiance to Great Britain ? 

19. They were shipped out of the colony. They were 
promised that their families should go with them into exile, 
but some of the men who met at Grandpre never again saw 
the faces of their wives and children ; in the haste and con- 
fusion of sending the people away in ships families were sep- 
arated and carried into different provinces. 

20. How many were sent and distributed among the 
different colonies? 

20. Seven thousand. The transports were dilatory in 
arriving and it was December before the last were taken. 
Their homes were burned and their farms laid waste. 

Read the last 37 lines of part First, Section 4 of Long- 
fellow's Evangeline, beginning "Meanwhile had spread in 
the village." 



James Oglethorpe's Colony 

1. After the failure of Sir Robert Montgomery's plan 
in 1727 to colonize the lands between the Savannah and Alta- 
maha rivers, what was the condition of the country? 

2. What was the condition of Spain at this time, and 
who was King of England ? 

3. What did King George decide to do ? 

4. What Englishman at this time became interested in 
the colonization of this land ? 

5. What special incident occurred to arouse his interest? 

6. What followed? 



98 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

7. What did Oglethorpe then do ? 

8. In what condition did he find the prisons? 

9. What was the result of this investigation? 

10. What was the country named? 

11. Into whose hands was the colonization of this coun- 
try given? 

12. What reward would they receive and what was the 
character of the emigrants? 

13. How did the trustees raise money to establish the 
colony ? 

14. At the meeting of the trustees it was suggested that 
some member of the board, a man of education and ability, 
should go over to America with the colonists as their gov- 
ernor and live in Georgia until the colony was thoroughly 
established. Who volunteered to go ? 

15. Where was Oglethorpe born? 

16. What of his father and mother? 

17. What of his personal appearance and his military 
career ? 

18. What of his fortune and his life in England? 

19. When it was known that the great and good Ogle- 
thorpe would accompany the colony to America, Avhat effect 
did it have upon the people? 

20. How many were selected ? 

21. What was the name of the ship? 

22. When did it sail? 

23. Did the Anne reach Charleston? 

24. What did the governor do for the colonists ? 

25. Where did he decide to locate ? 

26. On reaching this spot what did Oglethorpe exclaim? 

27. Wliat did he find there ? 

28. Knowing that it was important to gain the good will 
of the savages, he visited the village. By whom was he 
received ? 

29. When did the colonists land? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 99 

Answers 

1. It was unoccupied except by Indians, who were in- 
cited by the Spaniards of Florida to make war on the Eng- 
lish in the Carolinas. 

2. George the II was King of England, and Spain was 
one of the most powerful and warlike nations in the world. 

3. To plant colonies south of the Savannah river to pro- 
tect South Carolina against the Spaniards. 

4. James Oglethorpe, who was then a member of par- 
liament, determined to relieve many who under a cruel law 
of England were thrown into prison for debt and kept there 
until money could be extorted from their friends to pay them. 

5. A dear friend, Mr. Robert Castell, a scholar and 
artist, wrote a book on architecture, illustrated with pictures 
drawn by his own hand. He was so much taken up with 
writing this book he neglected his business affairs and the 
publication of the book brought him in debt. 

6. He was condemned, cast into a smallpox ward of 
debtors prison. Bambridge, the prison keeper, refused to 
place him elsewhere unless paid a cash bribe. 

Mr. Castell died an awful death, leaving wife and chil- 
dren helpless. 

7. He introduced a bill into parliament to have a com- 
mittee appointed to examine the prisons of England and 
bring about a reform in their management. The bill was 
passed. Oglethorpe was made chairman of the committee. 
He spent several months visiting the prisons. 

8. In them many practices of shocking cruelty, and many 
prisoners innocent of any crime. 

9. The cruel practices were abolished, many innocent 
persons set free and some were selected who would agree 
to go to America to establish a new colony, south of the 
Savannah river. 

10. Georgia for the reigning King. 



100 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

11. A board of 36 trustees, among whom were some of 
the most distinguished men in England, to whom the King 
gave the entire charge of planning, establishing and govern- 
ing the colony. 

12. The trvistees were to serve without compensation, 
and no one was permitted to emigrate who was not by com- 
petent authority judged worthy of citizenship. The men 
were expected to be both soldiers and farmers, so reliable, 
strong men were chosen, whose characters were found good. 

13. Parliament made a liberal appropriation, and a large 
amount was raised by benevolent people. Altogether the 
trustees had $150,000 to establish a small colony. 

14. James Oglethorpe, who gave up his luxurious home, 
refined society and a splendid career just opening to him in 
England. For this he knew he must endure dangers and 
hardships, and in a worldly sense had nothing to gain for 
himself. 

15. At Westminster, England, June 1, 1689, descended 
from a long line of brave, noble ancestors. 

16. His father. Sir Theopolis Oglethorpe, was a noted 
officer in the English army. His mother was one of the 
ladies of good Queen Anne's court. She w^as clever, of 
strong will and had great influence over her son. 

17. He was tall, handsome, quiet-mannered, good-natured 
and high-spirited. He was educated at a military school and 
joined the army before he was 20. Served with the Duke of 
Marlborough in the Flandersi war, after this attended college. 
Then joined the Austrian army at war with the Turks. 

18. His father and elder brother died. He inherited a 
\arge estate, but lived a simple, sober life, and became a 
member of parliament. 

19. The trustees were delighted and hundreds were 
anxious to go, but only a few could be taken. 

20. Forty men of good morals and small families. Men, 
women and children, there were 126 who sailed with Ogle- 
thorpe on his first voyage to Georgia. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 101 

21. The Anne, a sailing vessel, 200 tons burden. In her 
hold were provisions and all kinds of tools and implements 
for the journey and for getting the colony well established. 

22. November 16, 1732, and landed at Charleston, S. C. 
January 31, 1733. Oglethorpe wished to get the advice and 
help of Gov. Johnson for settling his colony. 

23. They cast anchor outside the bar. Oglethorpe leav- 
ing his people on board, rowed in an open boat, and was re- 
ceived with great honor. The Governor had been notified 
weeks before and was prepared to extend a warm welcome 
for he knew the new colony would protect Carolina from the 
Spaniards in Florida. 

24. The Anne was taken to Beaufort, where was a fort 
garrisoned by 200 Carolina soldiers. The emigrants were 
allowed to use a new barracks, while Oglethorpe went with 
a few gentlemen to search for a spot in Georgia to plant his 
colony. 

25. Sailing 18 miles up the Savannah river, they found 
a bluff 45 feet high. On ascending it they found an extensive 
plain covered as far as the eye could see with tall pines inter- 
spersed with majestic live oaks, magnolias and myrtle. 

26. "Surely a merciful God has designed this spot as a 
restful home for my poor persecuted people." 

27. A small isolated Indian tribe, the Yamacraws, at the 
farther end of the bluff, and that they were the only Indians 
within 40 miles. 

28. By Tomochichi Mico, or chief of the tribe, he was 
tall and straight, strong and robust in body and mind. He 
was 90 years old and beloved by the tribe, whose thirty wig- 
wams were scattered under the majestic trees. 

29. In the early morning of February 12. The people 
were called together, thanksgiving was offered to God for 
the safe arrival of the colony, and 

"Amid the aisles of tlie dim wood rang 
The anthems of the free." 



Tomochichi and the Yamacra^vs 

1. After Oglethorpe selected the spot for his colony and 
named it Savannah, what did he do ? 

2. Of whom did his family consist ? 

3. How did Oglethorpe communicate with Tomochichi? 

4. Several days after the landing of the colony they 
became much alarmed by the Indians who came shouting and 
beating some instrument like a drum. How did Oglethorpe 
calm their fears? 

5. Who led the band of visitors? 

6. What did Oglethorpe do when the procession drew 
near? 

7. Oglethorpe replied in an imposing manner and in- 
vited them to stay to dinner. Who prepared the dinner, and 
what was given as souvenirs? 

8. By whom was Georgia inhabited at this time? 

9. How were the Yamacraws organized? 

10. Had he any right to give land to Oglethorpe? 

11. What plan did Tomochichi propose to win their 
friendship ? 

12. How many tribes responded? 

13. What was the date of this council, and Mdiat was the 
appearance of these lords of the forest ? 

14. Tomochichi had given them a talk. Oglethorpe had 
two interpreters, John Musgrove and Mr. Wiggin. How did 
he open the meeting ? 

15. Who responded for the tribe and what was the sub- 
stance of his speech? 

16. What did the other chiefs do? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 103 

17. What was Oglethorpe's reply? 

18. About a 3'ear after this treaty Oglethorpe went to 
England. Who did he take with him? 

19. How were the Indians received in England? 

20. What present did Tomocliichi give to the King? 

21. How long did they remain in England, and what did 
Tomoehichi do that proved his character and ability? 

22. Did the charter given hy England to the trustees, 
donate the land to the colonists? 

23. What did Tomoehichi and his friends carry back to 
America ? 

24. Oglethorpe did not return to Georgia with the In- 
dians. Why did he remain two years in England? 

25. He sailed on his second voyage February, 1736. One 
sailed with him whose writings are familiar to us. Who was 
he and in what capacity did he come? 

26. What event in Georgia history marks Oglethorpe as 
without a peer in the annals of Indian Avarfare? 

27. What caused the colony of Georgia and South Car- 
olina great anxiety? 

28. After many attempts made by the Spaniards to in- 
vade Georgia, what battle occurred that forever settled the 
claims of England to supremacy in North America? 

29. When was this battle fought and what were the 
forces marshalled against each other? 

30. Oglethorpe left Georgia July 23, 1743, never to 
return. When the colonies revolted he was offered the com- 
mand of the British army in America. What was his reply? 

31. Whom did he marry? 

32. What did Hannah Moore say of him ? 

33. What of his latter days ? 



104 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

Answers 

1. He sought the friendship of Tomochichi. 

2. His wife, Senawhi, and his nephew, Toouahowi, a 
boy 13 years' okl. 

3. Near his wigwam was a hut occupied hy a white man, 
John Musgrove, as an English trading post. This man's 
wife, Mary, was a half-breed Indian woman reared and edu- 
cated among the whites in Carolina ; she became their in- 
terpreter. 

4. He told them Tomochichi and his followers were com- 
ing according to promise to give them a welcome. 

5. The Yamacraw priest or medicine man, dressed in 
gaudy style. His face and the upper part of his body was 
painted red, blue, yellow and black; on the top of his head 
were the antlers of a young stag, over his shoulders was 
thrown two fans of eagle feathers with long handles, strung 
with little gingling bells. He cut all sorts of antics, leaping 
into the air, and jabbering in the Indian tongue, to which 
the others responded. 

6. He stepped a few paces in front of his tent. Then all 
stopped except the medicine man, who, with a stately stride, 
stroked Oglethorpe with his fan from head to foot, and said, 
"May there be eternal, peace between your people and our 
people." Then Tomochichi presented the buffalo robe with 
the address with which we are familiar. 

7. The women of the colony took great pride in prepar- 
ing the dinner. To Tomochichi Oglethorpe gave a scarlet 
shawl with heavy fringe, and to each man a blanket and a 
hatchet. To the women he gave each a string of beads and 
a looking glass. This was the first state dinner ever given in 
Georgia. 

8. By the Upper and Lower Creek Indians. These 
Lower Creeks were divided into nine tribes, of which the 
Yamacraws w^ere the smallest and weakest. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 105 

9. Tomochiclii had spent most of his life in Middle Geor- 
gia, a member of a most powerful tribe, and was regarded 
as one of their greatest men, but in his old age wandered to 
the high bluff on the Savannah, joined by a number of de- 
voted followers, whom he organized into a tribe. 

10. He had not, and he was honest and frank. He said 
to Oglethorpe, 'Hhe Yamacraws will never molest you, but 
other tribes of the Creeks may come and kill you, or drive 
you away. You had better make friends with them. 

11. He sent messages to the tribes and told them the 
English were good people who would help them. Hs asked 
their big chiefs and warriors to meet in Savannah on a 
certain day, "hold a council, have a big talk, and make a 
treaty." This message he sent by runners to all the tribes 
of the Lower Creeks. 

12. Nine tribes widely scattered over Middle and South- 
ern Georgia, represented by 56 chiefs and warriors. They 
came some 50 miles, others 200 miles, while some came in 
canoes, many walked. 

13. May 21, 1733. Not one was less than six feet; 
straight and stately, their long hair adorned with eagle 
feathers, high in front and falling in festoons down the neck. 
Their faces and upper part of bodies painted red, blue and 
yellow, rings in their ears, and around their necks strings 
of beads. From the waist down they wore buckskin skirts 
with heavy fringe, falling below the knees; buckskin stock- 
ings and sandals called moccasins. 

14. He rapped on a table and declared the council 
opened. Then asked to hear from the Indians. 

15. Weekachumpa, chief of the Oconas', tall, white hair 
and wrinkled, but with pleasant voice and graceful gestures. 
He said: "We are glad you have come to our country. The 
Great Spirit wdio dwells in heaven and all around, has sent 
you here to help us, for we need help. The Lower Creeks own 
all the country from the Savannah river down to the line of 
Florida, where the Spaniards live. You may settle in our 



106 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

country anywhere you please, for we have many times more 
land than we can use. But you must not disturb us in our 
homes or our hunting grounds. You must protect us from 
our powerful enemies^ and your oAvn bad men, if you have 
any such. You must not trade with any red men but us. 
You must not let your traders cheat us. You must teach us 
wise things and instruct our children. You must do all you 
can to help us in every way. You must let us keep St. 
Catherines, Osabaw and Sapelo islands forever, as our own 
hunting grounds and bathing places." 

16. They made short speeches and agreed with what 
Weekachumpa said. Tomochiehi, who was a born orator, 
spoke last. 

17. A talk full of wisdom and kindness, and in promises 
he faithfully kept. He won their hearts ; they trusted him 
perfectly, and in no other part of America in those days, 
did the white man and the red man live so peacefully and 
pleasantly together as in the colony of Georgia. 

18. Tomochiehi, his wife and nephew. Six big warriors, 
several attendants and two interpreters. 

19. With the utmost respect. Oglethorpe first took them 
to his own beautiful country home, Avhere they w^ere his 
guests several days. People flocked to see them, bringing 
them presents. King George II. entertained them at his 
palace. 

20. A bunch of eagle feathers. 

21. Four months. He had several long talks with the 
trustees of the colony of Georgia, and through his influence 
a number of measures were passed for the benefit of the 
Creek Indians in Georgia. 

22. Only to the trustees for 21 years. Each family was 
limited to 500 acres, and after ten years had to pay four 
shillings rental for each 100 acres. 

23. Four thousand dollars worth of beautiful and useful 
presents. 

24. He took his seat in parliament and had a bill passed 
forbidding the importation of slaves or rum into Georgia. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 107 

He was busy getting monej-, supplies and emigrants to take 
with him on his return to America. 

25. Charles Wesley, who came as Oglethorpe's secre- 
tary. Hymns written by him are sung in all Christian 
churches, and will probably always remain the best standard 
of sacred song. 

26. Having secured through Tomochichi a treaty with 
all the Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. This he obtained 
by a perilous trip to Coweta, where the treaties were ratified. 

27. The Spaniards of Florida claimed Georgia by right 
of discover}', and England also claimed it by the same right. 

28. The battle of Bloody Marsh. Oglethorpe went to 
England in 1737 to obtain troops. He raised and equipped 
600 men and was made commander in chief of all the forces 
in South Carolina. War was declared by England with 
Spain 1739, 

29. July, 1742. Oglethorpe had 800 men and three ships. 
The Spaniards had 36 warships and 5,000 men. 

30. "I know the Americans well. They can never be 
subdued by arms, but their obedience can be secured by 
doing them justice." He refused the command because it 
did not carry with it the complete control over questions of 
grievances and reconciliation. 

31. At 55 he married Miss Elizabeth Wright, aged 35. 

32. "I have a new admirer. Gen. Oglethorpe, the most 
remarkable man of his time. He is about 90 and the finest 
figure you ever saw. Hisi literature is great, his knowledge 
of the world extensive, and his faculties as bright as ever. 
He is quite a chevalier — heroic, romantic, and full of old 
gallantry. ' ' 

33. After a temptestous life his old age was serene, and 
it is said "He was the most striking figure and honored man 
in all England." July 1, 1785, he died at Cranham Hall, 
Essex, aged 96. 

His memory is like the sound of the lyre, as it still 
vibrates, after the spirit of the age that sweeps it, has 
passed away. 



The Margravate of Azilia and Bloody Marsh 

1. AVhat visionary Scotchman made the first effort to 
colonize Georgia? 

2. "What name did he give the colony and how did he 
describe it? 

3. Who was to be the chief ruler of this colony and 
where was he to reside? 

4. Were Sir Robert's dreams realized? 

5. How long did this region between English Carolina 
and Spanish Florida remain uncolonized? 

6. How man^^ trustees Avere associated with Oglethorpe 
in the colonization of Georgia? 

7. What power was given them and for what length 
of time? 

8. We are all familiar with the seal of the colony. 
Describe its meaning. 

9. How was the colonists' liberty indicated? 

10. What dangers had threatened the colonies before 
the landing of Oglethorpe in Georgia? 

11. What difficulties did the colonists have to contend 
with on their inlets and bays ? 

12. Oglethorpe, knowing these facts and being a soldier, 
made his plans for a military colony of fortified posts. Did 
he treat the Indians in a martial spirit? 

13. Where did the English claim their southern bound- 
ary to be? 

14. How many years after the first settlers arrived in 
Georgia did war begin? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 109 

15. When did England declare war with Spain? What 
English admiral had been sent from England to destroy 
the Spanish settlements in the West Indies? 

16. What were Spain's possessions in the Western Hem- 
isphere at this time, which was 248 years after Columbus 
claimed it for Isabella and Ferdinand? 

17. What forces did England give to Admiral Vernon, 
and what point should he have captured to gain control of 
the situation? 

18. Did he sail to that place ? 

19. Did success attend this expedition? 

20. Where did Oglethorpe attempt to attack the Spanish 
the same year? 

21. What did Admirals Vernon and Wentworth do? 

22. What did the Spaniards then do ? 

23. Where was Oglethorpe at this time? 

24. What did he determine to do? 

25. What forces could Oglethorpe command to meet 
this invasion, 

26. In spite of a coward in command of one of his vessels, 
and a Frenchman who deserted to the Spaniards, Ogle- 
thorpe's spirit rose to the occasion. What do historians say 
of his generalship? 

27. How many Spaniards landed to attack the English 
works ? 

28. Why was this battle called the Battle of Bloody 
Marsh ? 

29. By what strategem did Oglethorpe make the Span- 
iards believe a fleet was coming to his aid? 

30. In this decoy letter he assumed that the Frenchman 
was his own spy and informed him not to drop a hint of the 
approach of 2,000 men from Charleston, and that Admiral 
Vernon was on his way to attack St. Augustine, Did the 
Frenchman get the letter? 



110 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

31. What effect did it have with him? 

32. What did Oglethorpe do ? 

33. Why was this one of the decisive battles of the 
world? 

34. What' have Americans done to commemorate this 
vietorj' ? 

Answers 

1. Sir Robert Montgomery, in 1717. 

2. The Margravate of Azilia. He described it as the 
"most amiable country in the universe. That nature had 
not blessed the earth with any country that can be preferable 

to it." 

3. The Margrave. In a palace in the center of a space 
four miles square, surrounded by beautiful parks, walks, 
drives and statuary. 

4. The yeoman who were to man the fortifications around 
the Margraviate did not come to America and without inhabi- 
tants the fanciful dream of colonization did not succeed. Sir 
Robert's grant became void by its OAvn limitations. 

5. Fifteen years, each nation claiming it under the 1667 
treaty of Madrid. 

6. Fifteen were first appointed, nine were afterwards 
chosen. These never violated their trust. 

7. All legislative, executive and judicial power was con- 
fided to the trustees and their council for 21 years. 

8. In conformity with the mot,to, "non sibi sed aliis" 
with the group of silk worms the trustees were represented, 
who by their own requests were restrained from receiving 
any remuneration or grants of lands. The tAvo figures on the 
reverse side reposing on urns Avere emblematic of the bound- 
ary rivers, the Savannah and the Altamaha. 

9. By the motto Georgia Augusta with the cap on her 
head, a spear in one hand and a horn of plenty in the other. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 111 

10. The Caroliiias had been on the verge of utter ex- 
haustion ; drained of blood and money and without crops of 
food to subsist upon. North Carolina had subdued 1,200 
Tuscaroras Indians and South Carolina had to conquer a 
whole confederacy of tribes whom the Spaniards in Florida 
had stirred up to attack that colony. 

11. It was officially reported to the secretary of Penn- 
sylvania in 1717 that there were 1,500 pirates on the coasts, 
sweeping the seas from Brazil to New Foundland. 

12. To the Indians he was a humanitarian, a philanthro- 
pist, a father. To the Spaniards he was his coun^try's rep- 
resentative, a brave statesman and general. 

13. At the mouth of the St. John's river and there 
Oglethorpe built a fort, but afterwards withdrew to the 
mouth of the St. Mary's, which is to this day the boundary 
line between Georgia and Florida. 

14. Seven years. The first settlers had been drilled in 
arms by sergeants of the Royal Guards, in London daily, 
before their departure. 

15. Admiral Vernon, October 19, 1739. The announce- 
ment was hailed with demonstrations of joy in Great Britain 
and the youth of the country were eager to enlist in the war. 
The news did not reach America until Vernon's fleet arrived. 

16. Most of the "West Indies, Mexico, the greater part 
of South America, and Florida, claiming her boundaries ex- 
tended to St. Helena 's Sound, in South Carolina. 

17. Twenty-nine ships and 80 smaller vessels. Fifteen 
thousand sailors and 12,000 land troops, all thoroughly armed 
and equipped. Havana was the strategic point and it was 
poorly fortified. 

18. Instead, he sailed off to the southwestern confines 
of the Carribean Sea, laid seige to Cartagena, the most 
strongly fortified place in Spanish America, where $29,000,- 
000 had been spent in building forts to protect it. 



112 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

19. In three days 3,400 men died of disease. A few 
hundred were killed. When he returned to Jamaica, Novem- 
ber, 1740, 20,000 had perished and there were hardly enough 
invalids to mail the ships. 

20. At St. Augustine, but he had no siege guns and the 
Spaniards had procured reinforcements from Havana. Sick- 
ness reduced his men to a small force, but he showed good 
generalship in getting his men and ships safely to St. Simon's 
Island. 

21. They sailed homeward. 

22. Began to concentrate their forces for an invasion of 
Georgia. 

23. At his home, Frederica, on St. Simon's Island. He 
lay ill for two months, but fanned by ocean breezes and 
surrounded by beautiful flowers, his strength was renewed 
and his cheerfulness never deserted him. 

24. To gather his troops around him, and defend the 
colony against the foe. 

25. Those of his regiment who had survived the fever, 
the Highlanders, some Indians. A few indentured servants 
who were promised release, and liberal rewards were 
promised for valor, 

26. That he boldly broke through the line of galleys, 
firing right and left and sinking four. That his generalship 
and the fighting of his men was superb. That he was a host 
within himself; he seemed to be ubiquitous and was ever in 
the hotest part of the fight. 

27. Five thousand men and 51 ships, while Oglethorpe 
had but 650 men, and most of these not trained soldiers. He 
had one guard schooner and a few poorly armed sloops. 

28. Because the main part of the Spanish army were 
caught in ambush on an elevation of ground in the shape 
of a crescent, surrounded by marsh grass, the Scotch High- 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 113 

landers concealed themselves, and at a preconcerted signal 
poured a deadly fire into tlie mass of Spanish soldiers, who 
had stacked their muskets and were preparing for breakfast. 

29. He wrote a letter to the Frenchman who had de- 
serted from his ranks, and bribed a Spanish prisoner to 
take it to him. 

30. It was delivered to the commander of the Spanish 
forces, as Oglethorpe expected it would be. 

31. He burned the fort he had built, abandoned great 
quantities of provisions, military stores and artillery, reim- 
barked his men and sailed to reach St. Augustine before 
Vernon could get there. 

32. Manned his few little boats and chased the fleet out 
of the harbor. 

33. Because the Spaniards never rallied from this de- 
feat and North America was won for Anglo Saxon civiliza- 
tion and religious liberty. 

34. It is not recorded on bronze or stone, only the rem- 
nant of the old fort is left and the ocean is fast destroying 
that. Soon there will be nothing left to commemorate, un- 
less our government will build a sea wall to preserve the 
ruin. 



Spain and France Seek the Conquest 
of England in America 

1. "What was the attitude of Spain and France toward 
the English colonies? 

2. The French had been as long as the English on this 
continent in 1750, over 140 years. Why did they not have 
one-tenth the population or strength. 

3. What motive did the French have in coming to- 
America ? 

4. What were some of the difficulties they had to con- 
tend with? 

5. What was the condition of the English colonistsi at 
this time? 

6. As the population increased, what did the English do ? 

7. What effect did this have upon the French? 

8. How did the French feel in regard to this territory? 

9. What region were the English expected to be content 
with ? 

10. If the English were dissatisfied with this allotment, 
what did the French propose to do? 

11. What did this magnificent scheme of empire want 
to make it a success? 

12. What was the condition of the English colonists at 
this time? 

13. What were their relations with the Indians? 

14. Where were the French encroachments checked in 
the beginning by these Indians? 

15. What increase in population did the colonies have 
in the fifteen years before the outbreak of the Seven Years 
War? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 115 

16. In 1748 leading gentlemen in Virginia organized 
the Ohio Land Co. In 1750 the English government granted 
this company 600,000 acres of land. On what conditions? 

17. What distinguished families were represented in this 
company ? 

18. Where did they sometimes hold their meetings? 

19. Many of the new Scotch-Irish and German settlers, 
with some who had been born in America^ accepted these 
grants and crossed the mountains. What became of them ? 

20. France's dream of empire aroused her to action. 
How did England meet it? 

21. Who was chosen to carry .ithis message? 

22. Where, and to whom did he go? 

23. What training had fitted him for this position? 

24. Tell something of this expedition. 

25. How did the French receive him? 

26. There was no highway of open rivers for the Vir- 
ginians as there was for the French. How did they get to 
the Ohio? 

27. When was the first blood shed ? 

28. What did men on both sides of the sea know when 
-they heard this news? 

29. With varying success and defeat the contest was 
waged. What English general walked into ambush, and his 
army nearly annihilated, July 9, 1755? 

30. What event in England turned the tide of success 
to British arms? 

31. Where was this struggle between England and 
France fought, and where did it end? 

32. What victorious English general was mortally 
wounded at Quebec, and before his death repeated a verse 
from Gray 's Elegy ? 

33. Which verse was it, and what did he say of the 
poem? 



116 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

Answers 

1. Spain had agreed with France for a conquest of all 
the English territory in America^ and its division between 
them. 

2. Because they were scattered in separate posts on a 
line stretched through the wilderness from the St. Lawrence 
through the valley of the Mississippi to the Gulf, and the 
inhabitants were in garrisons. 

3. Conquest and trade. They claimed the territory- 
through which their posts were scattered and hundreds of 
miles beyond, including the Ohio valleys, but they were not 
husbandmen, only tenants of the crown. 

4. The,y were perilously isolated. The St. La"\VTence 
was closed by ice half the year and it took six months for 
ships (to sail to their frontier posts. 

5. About 1,160,000 English colonists were clustered in 
towns and villages, or neighborly plantations, where the for- 
ests had been cleared, roads made and peace secured. They 
sought wealth and homes. 

6. They crossed the Alleghaney mountains and knew 
the waters that ran into the Ohio as well as the French did. 
Their traders found their way to the Mississippi and the In- 
dians exchanged furs with them as willingly as they did with 
the French. 

7. It aroused their jealousy and they determined to close 
their lines of occupation by taking possession of the valley 
of the Ohio as they now possessed Canada. 

8. They believed that they possessed in America an em- 
pire as great as all Europe, excluding Russia, then a bar- 
barous nation. 

Oct. 9, 1682, LaSalle had sailed down the Mississippi and 
planted the Lilies of France at its mouth in the name of Louis 
XIV, claimed all the country from the Alleghany to the 
Rocky mountains for France. Forty years later New Or- 
leans was founded. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 117 

9. A narrow strip of territory along the Atlantic coast. 

10. To pen them up and keep them within this precinct. 

11. Inhabitants. The French did not encourage emigra- 
tion except such as could be under military control and the 
entire French population in America in 1750 was only 52,000. 

12. They occupied the Atlantic coast as permanent set- 
tlers, were agriculturists and stock raisers. They had 
founded Harvard University, 1638, and a class graduated 
from William and Mary College in 1700. Yale College was 
founded in 1701. Under these conditions the .colonists were 
willing to fight for their own local government as they had 
fought with Oglethorpe and Vernon against Spain. 

13. The great confederated Iriquois tribes were ready to 
aid Dutch or English against the French, because Champlain 
in 1609 had with their sworn foes, the Algonquins, used 
against them the dread firearms, of which they had never 
heard before, but many other tribes were allies of the French 
because they did not encroach on their land by cultivating it. 

14. Southward and westward, but the breadth of Penn- 
sylvania and New York was open to the incursions of the 
French and their allies. The French were trained soldiers, 
while the busy English farmers had no military organization. 

15. Scotch-Irish, Germans and Hugenots came in larg- 
est numbers, and a few hundred from other nationalities. 

16. That one hundred families were to be colonized in 
the Ohio valley within seven years. 

17. The Lees and Fairfaxes. Gov. Dinwiddie and Law- 
rence and Augustine "Washington, half brothers of George 
Washington. 

18. At Mount Vernon, the home of Augustine Wash- 
ington, which he had named for Admiral Vernon. Here 
they issued grants and titles to lands beyond the mountains. 

19. The English seized the French traders and they in 
turn seized and expelled the English who traded there. 



118 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

20. The government in England instructed Gov. Din- 
widdie to require the French "peaceably to depart," and 
if they would not go "to drive them off by force of arms 
from territory they claimed by treaty." 

21. George Washington, a lad of 21. He had not been 
educated in England as his brothers had, but went from 
.the plain schools and tutors of the Virginia countryside, 
where he had served Lord Fairfax as a surveyor in the 
rough country of the Shenandoah. 

22. To Fort LaBoeuf, where was the French commander 
LaPierre. He was accompanied by Gist, an old frontiers- 
man. 

23. His half brother, Augustine "Washington, died two 
years previous and had left George to administer his estate 
and serve in his stead as commander of the militia of eleven 
counties. His successful management of both was known 
and appreciated. He was a man in close touch and sympa- 
thy with the people. 

24. It was in midwinter, and Washington tried the en- 
durance of the veteran who accompanied him by forced 
marches through dense woods and frozen streams, hardly a 
bison's track for their horses to follow. 

25. The French received him very graciouslj^, but 
claimed the Ohio as their own and refused to abandon it. 

26. Their raw militia recruits cut rough mountain roads 
through the forests of the Blue Ridge. 

27. May 28, 1754, with Washington in command. 

28. That war had begun, and that young Washingto^i 
had forced the statesmen in Paris and London to action. 

29. General IBraddock, who declined the advice of Wash- 
ington, made his campaign in the wilderness by the rules of 
war he had learned in Europe. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 119 

30. The appointment of William Pitt, afterwards Earl 
of Chatham, and known as the Great Commoner, as the head 
of the government. Under his wise administration England 
wrested India from France, displaced incompetent men in 
America, which led to the triumph of British arms in the 
new world. 

31. For the most part in Canada and New York, and 
ended on the Heights of Abraham, overlooking Quebec, Sept. 
3, 1759, formal peace was signed at Paris in 1763, by which 
France surrendered to Great Britain all her territory east of 
the Mississippi except New Orleans and the adjacent terri- 
tory. On the same day by a secret treaty France ceded to 
Spain all the rest of her territory in America. On October 
1, 1800 Napoleon made a secret treaty with Spain by which 
Louisiana was restored to France. April 30, 1803, he ,sold 
it -to the United States for $15,000,000. 

32. General Wolfe, aged 32, an ideal hero who had risen 
by intrinsic merit and deeds to the position of brigadier gen- 
eral. >He was remarkable for his culture and refinement. 

88.. 

"The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, 

And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, 
Await alike the inevitable hour; 

The paths of glory lead but to the grave." 

"I would rather be the author of that poem than take 
Quebec." 



The Struggle for Liberty Under the Crown 

1. After the first blow was struck by Washington, in 
England's seven years' war with France, what part did he 
take in the contest? 

2. AVhat plea did Washington make to assail Fort Du- 
quesne, where the city of Pittsburg now stands? 

3. "When within a day's march of the fort what hap- 
pened ? 

4. What had William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, accom- 
plished ? 

5. What four great Englishmen might have saved 
America for England if their counsel had been heeded? 

6. Whom did they oppose? 

7. To whom did New Foundland belong in 1762? 

8. To whom was the capture of the French and Spanish 
West Indes due? 

9. Why was it accepted as a foregone conclusion that 
either Canada or the West Indies must be surrendered? 

10. What great American aided in retaining Canada for 
England instead of the West Indies and what was his motive ? 

11. In what respect did the colonies find that England 
agreed with France and Spain in regard to their colonies? 

12. How did they propose to make the colonies submit 
to this theory of government? 

13. One hundred and fifty years had passed since the 
Pilgrims landed in New England. In what did these people 
excel ? 

14. What can be said of the Middle colonies ? 

15. Wliat of the Southern colonies ? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 121 

16. What was the condition of the colonies during the 
twelve years between the signing of the treaty of peace at 
Paris and the American Revolution? 

17. Why did Massachusetts becorde the first colony that 
resented England's obnoxious laws? 

18. What native of Massachusetts and graduate of Har- 
vard resigned his office under the king and protested against 
this and other obnoxious measures ? 

19. By the laws granted the colonies their forts were 
to be manned with militia. What was now done? 

20. What great lesson did the colonies learn in this 
seven years' war? 

21. What rights did they claim from the mother coun- 
try? 

22. When and how was this bill of rights obtained? 

23. How long did the contest last before the Barons 
entered London, determined that their demand should be 
complied with? 

24. Though crude in form, yet its spirit still lives. It 
contains 61 articles. Which of these have had the most last- 
ing effect and are the very marrow of our State constitutions ? 

25. What did Edmond Burke say of the colonists who 
determined to manufacture the products of New England 
and trade with the West Indies and South America? 



1. Washington and his men cut roads, filled up ravines, 
bridged mountain brooks and smoothed the way for the 
progress of the army under leaders sent from England to 
command them. 

2. "A long familiarity with these woods and with all 
the passes and difficulties ought to favor me in preference 
to any one else." 

3. His command was discovered by French scouts, the 
French became panic-stricken, burnt the fort at night and 



JL22 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

escaped down the Ohio in boats. The following day formal 
possession was taken of the ruins and it was named Fort 
Pitt. 

4. ' He was known as the Great Commoner because at the 
head of the House of Commons he had succeeded in remov- 
ing' incompetent men from office, had forced the reduction of 
taxes in America during the war and it was largely through 
measures he had put into action that India and America 
were won for England. 

5. Wni. Pitt, Edmund Burke, Lord Camden and Isaac 
Barre. 

6. George III and his party. 

7. To England, but a French squadron captured that 
island June, 1763. It was captured September 18 of the 
same year by England 's provincial troops. 

8. To the provincials as the colonists were called, but 
Cuba and other islands were lost to England by the 'treaty 
of Paris, made 1763. 

9. Because such a sudden maistery of North America by 
land and sea might provoke a new coalition and rouse France 
to new efforts. 

10. Benjamin Franklin then residing in England as the 
agent of the colonies stood with Pitt in this measure, believ- 
ing that Canada would be a protection against French en- 
croachments, and the West Indies were no serious menace. 
Spain ceded to England all the territory she claimed on the 
continent of North America, receiving back the West Indies. 

11. In the theorj^ that colonies should be used to enrich 
the countries which possessed them. That they should send 
their native products to the homeland in exchange for their 
manufactures and trade nowhere else without permission. 

12. By compelling them to send their raw products to 
England, there to be manufactured and returned to the colo- 
nies for sale. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 123> 

13. In manufacture for their own use, not allowed to ex- 
port. In shipbuilding, their trade represented 600 vessels 
plying to and fro to English ports. One thousand vessels 
went every year up and down the coasts. They accumulated 
great wealth in the whale fisheries. Before the West Indies 
were ceded to Spain these ships traded there for sugar, 
molasses and many delicacies. 

14. They were scarcely less industrious and with a richer 
soil and kindlier clime, increased in wealth and population. 

15. England depended upon them for naval stores, to- 
bacco and many other products. 

They wxre home builders and as much etiquette was ob- 
served upon quiet plantations as in English drawing rooms. 

16. The colonies furnished one-third of England's com- 
merce. George Washington had married and retired to his 
estate at Mount Vernon, and a home-loving people were 
welded together by persecution from the mother countr5^ 
Their petty jealousies about boundary' lines and other strife 
disappeared. 

17. Because that colony violated the navigation laws 
and Writs of Assistance w^ere forced upon her, giving the 
right to search wherever British officials desired to perse- 
cute the people in public or private places. 

18. James Otis. He declared that no more could an 
Englishman say that ''his house was his castle." 

19. The militia were required to evacuate these forts 
and the King's troops took possession of them. 

20. That their troops were as brave as thoise sent from 
England, and more daring. That their commanders were 
equal in ability, but preference in promotion was always 
given to the men who had been sent to America to engage 
in the struggle. 

21. The right to Magna Charta. 



124 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

22. August 13, 1213, the Prelates and Barons of Eng- 
land, tiring of misrule and tyranny, founded a Council and 
passed measures to secure their rights. 

23. Two years, and King John fled into Hampshire, but 
both parties met at Runnymede June 9, 1213, after ten days' 
conference Magna Cliarta, the glory of England, was born. 

24. The thirty-ninth and fortieth. 

(39.) No freeman shall be taken or be imprisoned or be 
diseased of his freehold or liberties or be exiled, or any other 
wise be destroyed, nor will Ave pass upon him nor condemn 
him but by lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of 
the land. 

(40.) We will sell to no man; we will not deny or defer to 
any man either right or justice. 

25. That "their seamen were as daring and hardy as 
those bred in England." 

That neither the perseverance of Holland, nor the dex- 
terous and firm sagacity of English enterprise ever carried 
this most perilous mode of hardy industry to the extent to 
which it had been pushed by these recent people. 



What the Colonists Learned in the 
Seven Years War 

1. Wlien did George III begin his reign and what of 
his character? 

2. We are all familiar with the many causes that led to 
the American Revolution, but what was ''the straw that 
broke the camel's back?" 

3. What was the greatest objection the colonists had 
to this tax? 

4. In all the colonies the people were heavily taxed be- 
fore the passage of this act. What were some of the taxes 
already levied? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 135 

5. Benjamin Franklin was summoned before a com- 
mittee of the House of Commons and asked to explain the 
probable effects of the various acts against the colonies, what 
did he .say of the stamp act? 

6. What did Franklin write to a friend in America ? 

7. What did this friend reply? 

8. What part of the national burden had the colonies 
borne for six years of the war with France ? 

9. So vigorous were the protests against the stamp act 
in England on account of the depression of business in that 
country and the absolute determination of the colonies not 
to submit to it, that it was repealed the next year. Why did 
the repeal of the act not satisfy the colonists? 

10. What did the colonists do to prevent the enforce- 
ment of these measures? 

11. What did the officers of the King do ? 

12. What was the character of the people in that era? 

13. How did these reach the people ? 

14. What event in Massachusetts in 1774 caused that 
assembly to ask the colonies to meet in Philadelphia in a 
Continental Congress. That being their largest city and 
most central? 

15. How many of the colonies met and what did they do ? 

16. What did England order her colonial government 
to do? 

17. In the meantime what did the colonies do? 

18. Did Georgia have a Provincial Congress? 

19. The persecution of the industrial and commercial 
interests in the colonies united them in a common bond of 
interest. They realized that from many nationalities a new 
nation had been formed in America. As the consciousness 
of this condition dawned upon their minds, what else did 
they realize? 



126 MrP BELOVED COUNTRY 

Answers 

1. 1760 in his 22iid year. From his 13th year he had 
been under the control of his mother, a woman of strong 
character, observant of religious duties, but hard and un- 
sympathetic. To her he owed his personal virtues, from 
her he inherited his obstinacy and self-confidence. 

2. The Stamp Act, requiring all legal documents to be 
executed on paper bearing an English stamp and the act so 
framed that no business transaction was legal unless this 
paper was used. The amount of this tax was exhorbitant 
enough to paralj'ze business. 

3. It was to pay for England's European wars, from 
which the colonists derived no benefit, and King George's 
subjects in England were not required to pay this tax. Also 
to build a palace for the King. 

4. In Massachusetts, $3.20 on each $5.00 income of per- 
sonal estate. Landed estates were assessed $360 for $1,000 
income, and so on to the smallest article of household use 
except Bibles and religious books. 

5. That there was not enough gold and silver in the 
colonies to pay the stamp duty for one year. 

6. ''The sun of American liberty is set. Now we must 
light the lamps of industry and economy." 

7. "Be assured that we will light torches of another 
sort." 

8. The}^ had raised, equipped and maintained an army 
of 25,000 men at a cost of many million dollars. These con- 
tributed more to the success of the cause than all the British 
forces, and many of their estates were now under mortgage 
to pay these burdens. 

9. Because the King determined to raise the same reve- 
nue in another way, requiring high duty to be paid on all 
goods brought from England into the colonies, to send her 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 127 

soldiers from England to collect these duties, and require 
the colonists be taxed to maintain this military force in 
America. 

10. They resolved not to wear or use imported goods, 
and an organization called the Sons of Liberty, raised liberty 
poles to show their protest against these measures. 

11. They ordered the assemblies or legislatures of the 
colonies to meet in different places, sometimes dissolved them 
before they could discuss measures, and the British troops 
cut down the liberty poles. 

12. The common cause of the people of all nations who 
had come to America, united them in heart and purpose. 
There were men among them of solid, profound scholarship, 
bold in thought, ready with pen, skilled in argument, often 
witty and eloquent. 

13. Through the printing press. Pamphlets deluged the 
public, many of them worthy rivals of the writings of Pitt 
and Bourpe. It is said that discussion of current topics 
was far more common then than now. 

14. An act of Parliament, changing its form of govern- 
ment. 

15. Twelve met September 5, 1774. They made and sent 
to the King most earnest appeals for protection in their rights 
and their claim to share the privileges of Magna Charter, 
also gave assurance of their loyalty to their King and 
country. They adjourned to meet at Philadelphia, May, 
1775, to give England time to redress their grievances, and 
remove the cause of discontent. 

16. To prevent the election of deputies to the second 
Congress. 

17. They called Provincial Congresses to meet in each 
colony and from these men they elected delegates to the 
great Continental Congress of 1776 in Philadelphia. 

18. In June, 1752 ; one year prior to the time the Trus- 
tees' charter expired in Georgia, the Lord Proprietors sur- 
rendered it to the Crown, and Georgia became a province. 



128 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

The people sent to the King in 1774 a protest against unjust 
laws and declared their loyalty to the crown, and asked for 
relief from the distress caused thereby. Receiving no en- 
couragement, they called a Provincial Congress to meet in 
Savannah, July, 1775, and from this body elected delegates 
to the Continental Congress to assemble in Philadelphia 
July, 1776. 

19. That their ancestors had been hurried into exile by 
European governments and churches, and that they had 
become the rightful proprietors of the new world. That they 
had won it from savages, and built it out of a wilderness. 
That through peril, toil and hardship they owned it by actual 
possession. 



The Two Declarations of Independence 

1. What two great parties were at strife in England on 
account of the American colonies? 

2. In what did both parties agree? 

3. How did these parties differ?. 

4. What did the Whigs believe? 

5. What did the English government seek to impress 
upon the people at home? 

6. What did George III. believe? 

7. What did the Tories seek to impress upon the minds 
of the people? 

8. What advantage did America have in this struggle? 

9. Where and how was the first blood shed in the 
Eevolution? 

10. What colony first declared independence? 

11. Why do historians give the South but little credit 
for taking these first steps in the Revolution? 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 129 

12. When was the battle of Lexington fought ? 

13. What effect did the battle of Lexington have upon 
the colonies? 

14. What effect did this document have? 

15. George Washington was commander in chief of the 
American army seven years, and eight years president of the 
United States. What warning did he leave to us in his fare- 
well address? 

16. Under the providence of God, two great organiza- 
tions of women have been called into existence : The Daugh- 
ters of the American Revolution and the United Daughters 
of the Confederacy. What great mission has been intrusted 
to their keeping? 

Answers 

1. The Whigs and Tories. 

2. That England was engaged in a struggle for com- 
mercial if not national existence. 

3. The Tories were in the majority and believed that the 
colonies could only be retained by force, that any measures 
were justified by the laws of self-preservation. 

4. That the calamity could be averted more certainly by 
justice than arms. That the colonies would soon become 
too strong to be coerced, and if denied concessions noiv, 
would seek independence. 

5. That coloniel courage and organization was only equal 
to riots. 

6. That if the British soldiers could take possession of 
all the munitions of war in the thirteen colonies, it would 
end resistence to Great Britain. 

7. That it would be necessary only to destroy the muni- 
tions of war in the colonies', break up their assemblies or 
legislatures, and revolt against England would be speedily 
crushed. 



130 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

8. The Atlantic rolled between America and England's 
base of supplies. 

9. In North Carolina in 1771 ; the royal Gov. Tryon 
undertook to force the collection of taxes together with ex- 
horbitant fees. An armed force, calling themselves Regulars, 
resisted the King's troops; a battle was fought at Alamance, 
nine Regulars were killed. This was the first blood shed in 
the American Revolution, 

10. May 20, 1775, thirteen months before the signing of 
the great Declaration of Independence, there was drawn up 
a document in Charlotte, Mecklenburg county, North Caro- 
lina, that was almost a model in wording and sentiment of the 
great charter of American independence. It was called the 
Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. 

11. Because the South has had few historians. It has 
been said that "the South has been so busy making history, 
it has had no time to write it. ' ' 

12. May 19, 1775. The British troops were going to 
Concord to take possession of supplies. The colonists met 
them on the way at Lexington, and defeated them in battle. 
This was four years after the battle of Alamance. 

13. The reluctant colonies came into line with those 
more determined, and the next year the Continental Con- 
gress at Philadelphia proclaimed the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

14. It gave to this old world a momentum it will never 
lose. 

15. "Against the insidious evils of foreign influence I 
conjure you to believe me, fellow citizens, the jealousy of a 
free people ought to be constantly awake, since history and 
experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most 
baneful foes of republican government. Constantly keeping 
in view that 'tis folly in one nation to look for disinterested 
favors from another — that it must pay with a portion of its 
independence for whatever it may accept under that char- 
acter. There can be no greater error than to expect or cal- 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 131 

culate upon real favors from nation to nation. 'Tis an illusion 
which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to 
discard," 

16. To teach the youth of our land the heroic efforts of 
the past to cherish its glorious heritage, and perpetuate the 
principles of constitutional republican liberty. 



The Revolutionary War 

1. After the Declaration of Independence, which was the 
greatest struggle of the new Republic ? 

1. To maintain its independence and frame its gov- 
ernment. 

2. What difficulty stood in the way of communicating 
with the British government ? 

2. The King refused to recognize any communication 
from the United States^, and the States refused to receive 
intercourse as separate colonies. 

3. Although the Declaration of Independence had been 
proclaimed July 4, 1776, how long was it before "Articles 
of Confederation" were agreed upon? 

3. Not until 1777. 

4. When ratified. 

4. Not ratified or in force until after three years. 

5. Why was the economic history of the war most 
difficult? 

5. Because of the scarcity of supplies, there were no 
cloth or ishoe factories or large tanneries in the colonies, and 
it was a slow progress to get cloth made by hand looms and 
shoes by cobblers. 

6. What was the greatest anxiety of the military admin- 
istration ? 

6. The lack of powder which they secured by boarding 
war vessels, smuggling and raided, and from the South- 
western Indians in Florida, which had been furnished to kill 
the settlers. 



132 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

7. Where did they procure lead? 

7. From a small mine in Wj'theville, Virginia, and in 
default of it used household pewter, and everything small 
and hard was utilized. 

8. When almost despairing, what gave the people re- 
newed hopes? 

8. The alliance with France, from whence they received 
clothing, shoes and, blankets. That the whole army did not 
despair is a proof of brave devotion and honor. 

9. With what other serious difficulty did the country 
contend ? 

9. The paper money; the States taking up slowly their 
quota of continental money raised, preferring to issue their 
own. This competition destroyed the value of both. 

The needs of soldiers were often supplied from private 
fortunes with the hope that Congress would some day repay. 

10. Tell of Washington's trials as commander of the 
army? 

10. The people dreaded and abhorred a standing army, 
so troops were enlisted for short terms, the Statesi drafting 
the militia, and defraying their expenses. As for the conti- 
nentals, their terms were forever expiring at the most fatal 
moment. The militia would not endure discipline. 

Of that era it was said, "These are the times that try 
men's souls." 

11. How did Washington seek to control these difficulties? 

11. He conferred with Congress ; greater power was 
given to him on paper, and money bounties and land promised 
those who would enlist for three years. 

12. What effect did this have ? 

12. This had little effect, and after all, it was the true 
patriots, without hope of reward, with George Washington's 
wonderful genius and the overruling power of the God of 
nations that triumphed. 

"Lord God of hosts be with us yet 
Least we forget, lest we forget." 



A Georgia Day Program 

1. Before the English Colony reached Jamesitown in 
1607 and before the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts in 1620, 
the Spanish, French and English people began to make his- 
tory in Georgia. Why is so little known of this era ? 

1. Because we have so few historians. 

2. By whom was Georgia invaded in 1540 ? 

2. Fernando De Soto. He landed at Tampa, Fla., 1539 ; 
reached Georgia 1540, crossed the Ocklockonee river, travers- 
ed the State to Silver Bluff below Augusta. Failing to 
find gold, his army marched to North Georgia, rested in 
the shadow of Yonah mountain, and on to what is now known 
as Rome, Georgia. 

3. Where did he continue his march and how did it end? 

3. To the Mississippi river, which he discovered, and in 
which he was buried. This occurred 67 years before the 
lauding at Jamestown, and 80 years before the Pilgrimg 
reached Plymouth. 

4. A Frenchman planted the first Huguenot Colony in 
South Carolina in 1562, but he first traversed the coast of 
Georgia, observed its harbors and named its rivers; what 
was his name? 

4. Captain John Ribault. Read First Vol. C. C. Jones' 
History Georgia, page 35. 

5. What Englishman sailed on the Savannah river in 
1585 whose journal and chart Oglethorpe used when he came 
to Georgia 148 years later? 

5. Sir Walter Raleigh. 

6. If any one present ever heard of the Mayflower, 
please state where that ship landed ? 

6. ? 



134 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

7. Now give the names of the three ships that brought 
the first colonists to Jamestown? 

7. The Discovery, the Goodspeecl and Susan Constant. 

8. What ship first brought Oglethorpe to Georgia, and 
for whom was it named? 

8. The Anne, named for the Queen. Oglethorpe 'smother 
had been one of the ladies of her court. 

9. What two tribes of Indians inhabited Georgia when 
Oglethorpe landed? 

9. The Creeks and the Cherokees. 

10. AVhere did the Creeks live ? 

10. In South Georgia. 

11. Why is it supposed that the whites gave this name 
to this tribe? 

11. Because of the great number of creeks or branchesi 
running through the region in which they lived. 

12. What was the Indian name of this tribe ? 

12. Muscogee. 

13. What is the meaning of the Indian name Okef enokee ? 

13. Trembling earth. 

14. Give the meaning of Tallulah? 

14. Terrible. 

15. OfToccoa? 

15. Beautiful. 

16. Of Chattahoochee? 

16. Chatta, a stone, hoche, flowered or marked. 

17. OfNacoochee? 

17. Evening Star. 

18. OfYonah? 

18. Bear. 

19, A Georgia Indian invented the Cherokee alphabet; 
what was his name ? 

19. George Guess. 



MY BELOVED COUNTRY 135 

20. "What was his Indian name, and how have scientists 
honored him 1 

20. His Indian name was Sequoyah. Scientists have 
named the great trees in California Sequoia in his honor. 

21. What is the size of these trees? 

21. From 300 to 400 feet high and from 25 to 30 feet in 
diameter. 

If the Indian legends are told or read, of the names given 
in this program it adds greatly to the pleasure of the Chapter. 



136 MY BELOVED COUNTRY 

DIXIE 

A jingle written for the Waycross schools for "Prosperity- 
Week," December 1, 1916. Composed by Mrs. J, H. Redding, 
Regent Jonothan Bryan Chapter, D. A. R. 

'Tis the North and the South, and the East and the West, 
That makes this land that we love best. 

Look away! Look away! Look away! Dixie Land! 
In the North we strive 'gainst ice and snow, 
In the South to make the cotton grow. 

Look away! Look away! Look away! Dixie Lan3! 

Chorus : 
Then let us pull together, Hurrah! Hurrah! 
In Dixie Land I'll take my stand. 
To live and die an AMERICAN, 
Hurrah! Hurrah! To live and die in Dixie. 

In the East, the wide world is our guest, 
In the West, our triumph all confess, 

Look away! Look away! Look away! Dixie Land! 
Our mountains grand, our waterfalls. 
Our rivers great, teem full for all. 

Look away! Look away! Look away! Dixie Land! 

Chorus : 
Then let us pull together, Hurrah! Hurran: 
In Dixie Land I'll take my stand, 
To live and die an American, 
Hurrah! Hurrah! To live and die in Dixie. 

The oppressed and grieved of other lands, 
A home and welcome from our hands. 

They find! They find! They find in Dixie Land! 
Together let us cheer this world. 
And make cold hearts grow warm and bold. 

Look away! Look away! Look away! Dixie Land! 



